Topic 8: URBAN SECURITY FUTURES Flashcards
According to Palidda (2016) ‘ignored insecurities’ refers to:
Everyday insuecrities like exploitative labour, toxic environments and public administration, ignored by urban security agendas
Palidda (2016) defines ‘security governance’ in European cities as:
An agenda that prioritises action on street crime
As estimated by Khanna (2016), what proportion of the UK Gross Domestic Product is accounted for by Greater London:
One half
According to Schuilenburg and Peeters (2018), the ‘de-escalate’ project in Eindhoven’s night-time economy:
Ensures the security of public space through behavioural manipulation and inclusion
According to Berry (2018), illicit drug markets can be understood as:
Sociotechnical systems in which human relations and technological innovations such as smart phones and online forums shape one another
What did Mario Chiesa reveal in the ‘mani pulite’ (‘clean hands’) investigation in Italy?
He revealed corruption deals involving politicians from across the political spectrum in what became known as the ‘Tangentopoli’ or ‘kick back city’ scandal
According to Quassoli and Colombo (2016), what was the focus of local ordinances passed by Mayor Letizia Moratti in Milan between 2006-2011?
Consumption and sale of alcoholic beverages, street prostitution, vandalism, urban decay, aggressive begging, illegal encampments, purchase/sale/consumption of drugs, late-night rowdyism and street hawking
What term does Petrillo (2016) use to describe the young labor force in Campania exposed to dangerous working conditions after the Irpinia earthquake?
‘Disposable bodies’
What did the unions in Taranto protest under the banner ‘better sick than unemployed’ according to Saitta (2016)?
The use of highly carcinogenic ‘pet-coke’ to fuel steel production despite causing spikes in child cancer rates nearby
According to zemiologists like Steve Tombs, how should issues like the Grenfell Tower fire be framed?
As matters of social justice rather than just criminal justice
What is ‘zemiology’ the study of?
Social harms, including legal activities that cause harm
According to David Matza’s ‘new deviancy theory’, how do people become deviant?
As a consequence of their behavior being labeled and censured as deviant by authorities
What does the term ‘governmentality’ refer to in rival urban security agendas?
The ways of thinking or ‘governing mentalities’ that privilege certain understandings of crime and security
According to Edwards et al. (2017), what are the five basic ‘dispositions’ that characterize rival urban security agendas?
Criminal justice, restorative justice, social justice, managing risks of crime opportunities, managing risks of criminal careers
What is the central idea behind the ‘multi-centred governance’ of urban security?
That multiple political actors compete to steer the exercise of authority over urban security in a particular direction
According to Parag Khanna, what are the world’s most dominant and enduring social structures?
Cities, not nations
What is the key idea behind the concept of ‘hyper-connectivity’ between cities?
That there is an intensification of communications traffic primarily between major city-regions acting as ‘command centres’ of the global economy
What concept did the WannaCry ransomware attack in 2017 epitomize?
The online/offline relationship and vulnerabilities in hyper-connected smart cities
According to Berry’s ethnographic research, how are criminal enterprises using technology in the drug trade?
Using burner phones to insulate themselves, arranging supplies on the darknet, using online communication for ‘distraction crimes’
What technique is used in the ‘de-escalate’ project in Eindhoven’s nightlife district?
Using lighting, smell and sound to manipulate mood and behavior as a form of ‘pastoral power’
According to Edwards (2016), what is the scope of impact of automation of knowledge work driven by algorithms?
Already pervasive among internet users by 2016
What concerns were raised about the impact of 3D printing on urban security in 2016?
Potential for printing firearms/ammo and circumventing gun control laws, further weaponization of civil society
How were autonomous vehicles (AVs) like drones proposed to enhance urban security?
For unmanned surveillance and crime prevention, especially in high-risk environments
According to Matza’s ‘new deviancy theory’, how did criminological positivists separate crime from the state?
By attempting to substantiate general theories of ‘crime’ as an objective social fact divorced from processes of criminalization by the state
What are the key orientations that distinguish rival urban security agendas according to Edwards et al. (2017)?
Offender, victim, and environment/ecology orientations
How does the concept of ‘glocalisation’ relate to major city-regions?
It highlights the interplay between local and global relations, with major city-regions being the key drivers shaping global patterns
What percentage of the global population is estimated to be urbanized by 2050 according to the United Nations?
70%
According to Edwards and Calaresu (2018), why is there limited consideration of security implications in smart city narratives?
Possibly due to a coincidence of interests between tech companies marketing products and municipal administrations struggling with urbanization pressures
What is the central idea behind Berry’s (2018) concept of illicit drug markets as ‘sociotechnical arms races’?
That human relations and technological innovations are used by organizers and preventers of serious crimes to outwit each other
According to Schuilenburg and Peeters (2018), what is the main objective of the ‘de-escalate’ project in Eindhoven?
To make the urban entertainment area a pleasant place for all through behavioural manipulation and inclusion, not exclusion
What was a key criticism raised about the ‘positive security’ approach in the ‘de-escalate’ project?
That it works to manage situational crime risks rather than address underlying political and economic inequalities
According to Matza’s ‘Becoming Deviant’ (1969), what role do public authorities play in defining deviance?
They don’t simply respond to deviance, but create it through choices about what behavior to criminalize and control
What concept did Edwards et al. (2017) use to distinguish rival urban security agendas based on their target populations?
Primary (entire), secondary (at-risk), and tertiary (known victims/offenders) populations
How did the ‘Tangentopoli’ scandal reveal corruption in Italian municipal government?
It uncovered widespread bribery for public contracts across the political spectrum, implicating major parties
What term did the Grenfell Action Group use in a prescient 2016 blog predicting the tower fire?
‘Playing with fire’
According to Tombs, why can issues like Grenfell not be adequately understood through criminal justice?
Because criminal justice necessarily frames it as predicate offenses by individuals/organizations, ignoring broader structures of governance
What reality did the establishment of Tenant Management Organizations (TMOs) exacerbate in the Grenfell case?
A deficit in democratic scrutiny and accountability of social housing management to tenants.
How does the lecture characterize the relationship between smart city technologies and conventional law enforcement/criminal justice?
As a sociotechnical ‘arms race’ that could render conventional approaches obsolete
What is the most dystopian scenario for urban security futures regarding smart cities?
That democratically accountable sovereign state security becomes obsolete due to disruption by smart city technologies
