Topic 8: URBAN SECURITY FUTURES

Question 1

According to Palidda (2016) ‘ignored insecurities’ refers to:

Answer 1

Everyday insuecrities like exploitative labour, toxic environments and public administration, ignored by urban security agendas

Question 2

Palidda (2016) defines ‘security governance’ in European cities as:

Answer 2

An agenda that prioritises action on street crime

Question 3

As estimated by Khanna (2016), what proportion of the UK Gross Domestic Product is accounted for by Greater London:

Answer 3

One half

Question 4

According to Schuilenburg and Peeters (2018), the ‘de-escalate’ project in Eindhoven’s night-time economy:

Answer 4

Ensures the security of public space through behavioural manipulation and inclusion

Question 5

According to Berry (2018), illicit drug markets can be understood as:

Answer 5

Sociotechnical systems in which human relations and technological innovations such as smart phones and online forums shape one another

Question 6

What did Mario Chiesa reveal in the ‘mani pulite’ (‘clean hands’) investigation in Italy?

Answer 6

He revealed corruption deals involving politicians from across the political spectrum in what became known as the ‘Tangentopoli’ or ‘kick back city’ scandal

Question 7

According to Quassoli and Colombo (2016), what was the focus of local ordinances passed by Mayor Letizia Moratti in Milan between 2006-2011?

Answer 7

Consumption and sale of alcoholic beverages, street prostitution, vandalism, urban decay, aggressive begging, illegal encampments, purchase/sale/consumption of drugs, late-night rowdyism and street hawking

Question 8

What term does Petrillo (2016) use to describe the young labor force in Campania exposed to dangerous working conditions after the Irpinia earthquake?

Answer 8

‘Disposable bodies’

Question 9

What did the unions in Taranto protest under the banner ‘better sick than unemployed’ according to Saitta (2016)?

Answer 9

The use of highly carcinogenic ‘pet-coke’ to fuel steel production despite causing spikes in child cancer rates nearby

Question 10

According to zemiologists like Steve Tombs, how should issues like the Grenfell Tower fire be framed?

Answer 10

As matters of social justice rather than just criminal justice

Question 11

What is ‘zemiology’ the study of?

Answer 11

Social harms, including legal activities that cause harm

Question 12

According to David Matza’s ‘new deviancy theory’, how do people become deviant?

Answer 12

As a consequence of their behavior being labeled and censured as deviant by authorities

Question 13

What does the term ‘governmentality’ refer to in rival urban security agendas?

Answer 13

The ways of thinking or ‘governing mentalities’ that privilege certain understandings of crime and security

Question 14

According to Edwards et al. (2017), what are the five basic ‘dispositions’ that characterize rival urban security agendas?

Answer 14

Criminal justice, restorative justice, social justice, managing risks of crime opportunities, managing risks of criminal careers

Question 15

What is the central idea behind the ‘multi-centred governance’ of urban security?

Answer 15

That multiple political actors compete to steer the exercise of authority over urban security in a particular direction

Question 16

According to Parag Khanna, what are the world’s most dominant and enduring social structures?

Answer 16

Cities, not nations

Question 17

What is the key idea behind the concept of ‘hyper-connectivity’ between cities?

Answer 17

That there is an intensification of communications traffic primarily between major city-regions acting as ‘command centres’ of the global economy

Question 18

What concept did the WannaCry ransomware attack in 2017 epitomize?

Answer 18

The online/offline relationship and vulnerabilities in hyper-connected smart cities

Question 19

According to Berry’s ethnographic research, how are criminal enterprises using technology in the drug trade?

Answer 19

Using burner phones to insulate themselves, arranging supplies on the darknet, using online communication for ‘distraction crimes’

Question 20

What technique is used in the ‘de-escalate’ project in Eindhoven’s nightlife district?

Answer 20

Using lighting, smell and sound to manipulate mood and behavior as a form of ‘pastoral power’

Question 21

According to Edwards (2016), what is the scope of impact of automation of knowledge work driven by algorithms?

Answer 21

Already pervasive among internet users by 2016

Question 22

What concerns were raised about the impact of 3D printing on urban security in 2016?

Answer 22

Potential for printing firearms/ammo and circumventing gun control laws, further weaponization of civil society

Question 23

How were autonomous vehicles (AVs) like drones proposed to enhance urban security?

Answer 23

For unmanned surveillance and crime prevention, especially in high-risk environments

Question 24

According to Matza’s ‘new deviancy theory’, how did criminological positivists separate crime from the state?

Answer 24

By attempting to substantiate general theories of ‘crime’ as an objective social fact divorced from processes of criminalization by the state

Question 25

What are the key orientations that distinguish rival urban security agendas according to Edwards et al. (2017)?

Answer 25

Offender, victim, and environment/ecology orientations

Question 26

How does the concept of ‘glocalisation’ relate to major city-regions?

Answer 26

It highlights the interplay between local and global relations, with major city-regions being the key drivers shaping global patterns

Question 27

What percentage of the global population is estimated to be urbanized by 2050 according to the United Nations?

Answer 27

70%

Question 28

According to Edwards and Calaresu (2018), why is there limited consideration of security implications in smart city narratives?

Answer 28

Possibly due to a coincidence of interests between tech companies marketing products and municipal administrations struggling with urbanization pressures

Question 29

What is the central idea behind Berry’s (2018) concept of illicit drug markets as ‘sociotechnical arms races’?

Answer 29

That human relations and technological innovations are used by organizers and preventers of serious crimes to outwit each other

Question 30

According to Schuilenburg and Peeters (2018), what is the main objective of the ‘de-escalate’ project in Eindhoven?

Answer 30

To make the urban entertainment area a pleasant place for all through behavioural manipulation and inclusion, not exclusion

Question 31

What was a key criticism raised about the ‘positive security’ approach in the ‘de-escalate’ project?

Answer 31

That it works to manage situational crime risks rather than address underlying political and economic inequalities

Question 32

According to Matza’s ‘Becoming Deviant’ (1969), what role do public authorities play in defining deviance?

Answer 32

They don’t simply respond to deviance, but create it through choices about what behavior to criminalize and control

Question 33

What concept did Edwards et al. (2017) use to distinguish rival urban security agendas based on their target populations?

Answer 33

Primary (entire), secondary (at-risk), and tertiary (known victims/offenders) populations

Question 34

How did the ‘Tangentopoli’ scandal reveal corruption in Italian municipal government?

Answer 34

It uncovered widespread bribery for public contracts across the political spectrum, implicating major parties

Question 35

What term did the Grenfell Action Group use in a prescient 2016 blog predicting the tower fire?

Answer 35

‘Playing with fire’

Question 36

According to Tombs, why can issues like Grenfell not be adequately understood through criminal justice?

Answer 36

Because criminal justice necessarily frames it as predicate offenses by individuals/organizations, ignoring broader structures of governance

Question 37

What reality did the establishment of Tenant Management Organizations (TMOs) exacerbate in the Grenfell case?

Answer 37

A deficit in democratic scrutiny and accountability of social housing management to tenants.

Question 38

How does the lecture characterize the relationship between smart city technologies and conventional law enforcement/criminal justice?

Answer 38

As a sociotechnical ‘arms race’ that could render conventional approaches obsolete

Question 39

What is the most dystopian scenario for urban security futures regarding smart cities?

Answer 39

That democratically accountable sovereign state security becomes obsolete due to disruption by smart city technologies