Topic 4: TERRORISM AND THE CITY Flashcards
What % of the world’s population lives in urban areas?
76.5%
According to Crenshaw, why do terrorists target cities?
- There are more potential targets
- Cities allow more anonymity
- Cities have good communication facilities
The London bombings of 2005 demonstrated what key aspect of contemporary terrorism?
Perpetrators plan attacks far from where grievances originated
What 1973 quote from Brian Jenkins describes terrorism as “theater”?
Terrorism is aimed at people watching, not actual victims
What was a key economic impact of 9/11 cited by Savitch (2003)?
Job losses
What does Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern imply terrorists attacked in New Zealand?
A way of life
What does Mike Davis argue the “ecology of fear” leads to?
- Heightened surveillance
- Punitive state responses
- Curtailed threats to social order
What does Peter Marcuse argue characterizes the post-9/11 city landscape?
- Concrete barriers
- Technological surveillance
- Body searches
What does the UK government’s CONTEST strategy focus on?
- Pursuing terrorists
- Preventing terrorism
- Protecting against attacks
What does Hillyard argue the Irish became seen as after Britain’s counter-terrorism tactics?
A suspect community
Terrorist attacks in Europe peaked during which time period?
Early 1970s
What two groups are the largest perpetrators of attacks in Europe today?
Neo-Nazis and homegrown jihadists
How many fatalities were caused by terrorism in Europe between 1965-2005?
4955
What does Savitch argue the post-9/11 city has become?
Bleak
What does Swanstrom argue is the main threat to cities?
Policy responses to terrorism
What factors may make a city more resilient according to Lucini?
Law enforcement
What approach does Coaffee argue cities take to counter terrorism?
Territorial security
What does Coaffee say the “ring of steel” in London consists of?
- Checkpoints
- Road barriers
- Surveillance cameras
Terrorist attacks on cities have been linked to what centuries-old perception?
Cities corrupt residents
Terrorism in cities is facilitated by what technological factor?
Communication networks
Vehicle ramming attacks have become a more common terrorist tactic in cities for what reason?
- They maximize damage
- Planning is minimal
- Lethality is high
What percentage decrease in international air travel occurred after 9/11 in the US?
20%
Terrorism scholars argue terrorism serves what key function?
Psychological impact
Why does Crenshaw argue cities have become ideal terrorist targets?
Cities have more accessibility and potential targets
Why do terrorists sometimes not claim responsibility for attacks?
To complicate response measures
How many urban job losses resulted from the 9/11 attacks within the US?
1.6 million
Ardern claimed the Christchurch attacks targeted New Zealand for what key reason?
Reputation for tolerance
What metaphor does Davis use to claim terrorism would fade without media coverage?
Tree falling in forest
Terrorist strategies in cities seek to undermine what factor?
Social stability
How can cities attempt to prevent car bomb attacks by terrorists?
Restricted vehicle zones
Coaffee argues defensive city planning must balance what two factors?
Safety and freedom
What metaphor does Coaffee use to describe disconnected areas of high security?
Splinters
According to Harmon, why must terrorists retain some civilian support?
Operations require local aid
What tactic did the 9/11 hijackers’ leader dislike about rural terrorist attacks?
Reduced media coverage and publicity
Increased security measures in cities post 9/11 have led to what negative outcome?
- Restriction of rights
- Damage to economies
- Community divisions
