Topic 4: TERRORISM AND THE CITY

Question 1

What % of the world’s population lives in urban areas?

Answer 1

76.5%

Question 2

According to Crenshaw, why do terrorists target cities?

Answer 2

• There are more potential targets
• Cities allow more anonymity
• Cities have good communication facilities

Question 3

The London bombings of 2005 demonstrated what key aspect of contemporary terrorism?

Answer 3

Perpetrators plan attacks far from where grievances originated

Question 4

What 1973 quote from Brian Jenkins describes terrorism as “theater”?

Answer 4

Terrorism is aimed at people watching, not actual victims

Question 5

What was a key economic impact of 9/11 cited by Savitch (2003)?

Answer 5

Job losses

Question 6

What does Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern imply terrorists attacked in New Zealand?

Answer 6

A way of life

Question 7

What does Mike Davis argue the “ecology of fear” leads to?

Answer 7

• Heightened surveillance
• Punitive state responses
• Curtailed threats to social order

Question 8

What does Peter Marcuse argue characterizes the post-9/11 city landscape?

Answer 8

• Concrete barriers
• Technological surveillance
• Body searches

Question 9

What does the UK government’s CONTEST strategy focus on?

Answer 9

• Pursuing terrorists
• Preventing terrorism
• Protecting against attacks

Question 10

What does Hillyard argue the Irish became seen as after Britain’s counter-terrorism tactics?

Answer 10

A suspect community

Question 11

Terrorist attacks in Europe peaked during which time period?

Answer 11

Early 1970s

Question 12

What two groups are the largest perpetrators of attacks in Europe today?

Answer 12

Neo-Nazis and homegrown jihadists

Question 13

How many fatalities were caused by terrorism in Europe between 1965-2005?

Answer 13

4955

Question 14

What does Savitch argue the post-9/11 city has become?

Answer 14

Bleak

Question 15

What does Swanstrom argue is the main threat to cities?

Answer 15

Policy responses to terrorism

Question 16

What factors may make a city more resilient according to Lucini?

Answer 16

Law enforcement

Question 17

What approach does Coaffee argue cities take to counter terrorism?

Answer 17

Territorial security

Question 18

What does Coaffee say the “ring of steel” in London consists of?

Answer 18

• Checkpoints
• Road barriers
• Surveillance cameras

Question 19

Terrorist attacks on cities have been linked to what centuries-old perception?

Answer 19

Cities corrupt residents

Question 20

Terrorism in cities is facilitated by what technological factor?

Answer 20

Communication networks

Question 21

Vehicle ramming attacks have become a more common terrorist tactic in cities for what reason?

Answer 21

• They maximize damage
• Planning is minimal
• Lethality is high

Question 22

What percentage decrease in international air travel occurred after 9/11 in the US?

Answer 22

20%

Question 23

Terrorism scholars argue terrorism serves what key function?

Answer 23

Psychological impact

Question 24

Why does Crenshaw argue cities have become ideal terrorist targets?

Answer 24

Cities have more accessibility and potential targets

Question 25

Why do terrorists sometimes not claim responsibility for attacks?

Answer 25

To complicate response measures

Question 26

How many urban job losses resulted from the 9/11 attacks within the US?

Answer 26

1.6 million

Question 27

Ardern claimed the Christchurch attacks targeted New Zealand for what key reason?

Answer 27

Reputation for tolerance

Question 28

What metaphor does Davis use to claim terrorism would fade without media coverage?

Answer 28

Tree falling in forest

Question 29

Terrorist strategies in cities seek to undermine what factor?

Answer 29

Social stability

Question 30

How can cities attempt to prevent car bomb attacks by terrorists?

Answer 30

Restricted vehicle zones

Question 31

Coaffee argues defensive city planning must balance what two factors?

Answer 31

Safety and freedom

Question 32

What metaphor does Coaffee use to describe disconnected areas of high security?

Answer 32

Splinters

Question 33

According to Harmon, why must terrorists retain some civilian support?

Answer 33

Operations require local aid

Question 34

What tactic did the 9/11 hijackers’ leader dislike about rural terrorist attacks?

Answer 34

Reduced media coverage and publicity

Question 35

Increased security measures in cities post 9/11 have led to what negative outcome?

Answer 35

• Restriction of rights
• Damage to economies
• Community divisions