Topic 1: CONSTRUCTIONS OF CRIME, SECURITY AND JUSTICE IN THE CITY Flashcards
What conditions of the working-class in England did Frederick Engels (1845/1934) think were causes of crime in the ‘Great Towns’?
Poverty, dirt and low environment
What estimated percentage of the global population will be living in urban areas by 2050?
70%
What is the basic presumption of this module?
Processes of urbanisation have been central to the history of criminological thought and continue to be so
What, according to Henry Mayhew (1851-1862) distinguished ‘nomadic’ denizens of Victorian slum neighbourhoods from ‘the civilised man’?
Their passion for stupefying herbs and roots and for intoxicating liquors
According to the Chicago School, which of the following residential zones of the city have the strongest correlation with ‘juvenile delinquency’?
The zone in transition
Why did the Chicago School think the ecology of the city would result in juvenile delinquency becoming a marginal, deviant, aspect of life in cities?
As cities grow there are more opportunities for the upward mobility of citizens out of socially disorganised neighbourhoods
What, according to Mike Davis (1992), characterises the ‘ecology of fear’ in late-modern cities like Los Angeles?
A fortress mentality including the growing use of private security
Given the advent of hyperconnected, ‘smart’, cities:
Criminology needs to appreciate the interplay of online and offline victimisation
What according to Bannister and Flint (2017), characterises the relationship between crime, civility and security in contemporary European cities?
Paradox of increasing fear but decreasing crime and unrest, as people don’t trust each other/ a lack of social inetgration
What term was coined by social reformers like Henry Mayhew to describe the moral degradation and criminality observed in Victorian city slums?
The Rookery
Who argued that slum populations were dangerous people who chose to reject civilized society and prey on it?
Henry Mayhew
Who argued that the material conditions of slums explain the problems encountered by slum dwellers rather than their moral failings?
Frederick Engels
What is the debate between focusing on the agency of offenders versus the social conditions that facilitate crime called?
The perennial argument
What movement focused on racial purity and saw urban slums and unregulated sexuality as threats to the nation?
The eugenics movement
What city grew extremely rapidly from 1870 to 1900 due to industrialization and migration?
Chicago
What zone did Chicago School sociologists argue was criminogenic due to high residential turnover and lack of social controls?
The zone in transition
What study mapped juvenile delinquents’ addresses to inner-city Chicago neighborhoods to support the zone in transition theory?
Shaw and McKay’s juvenile delinquency study (1942)
What criticism argues you cannot infer individual behaviors from aggregate ecological data about a neighborhood?
The ecological fallacy
What planning policies aimed to relocate slum populations to less crowded municipal housing estates?
UK slum clearance programs
What signaled the reemergence of concerns over dangerous cities in the 1960s US?
Riots in Watts and other inner cities
What practices in the UK were seen as worsening police-community tensions in inner-cities in the 1980s?
Stop and search targeting of minority youths
Who coined the term “ecology of fear” regarding governance focused on criminalization and risk management?
Mike Davis
What paradox emerged from the 1990s onward with fear increasing but crime rates decreasing?
The fear/crime paradox
What does Mike Davis call the zone of prisons encircling cities to warehouse offender populations?
The gulag rim
What characterizes relations in the era of the “smart city”?
Hyperconnected citizens
What constitutes a principal focus of contemporary cybercriminology?
Harms conducted online like social media abuse
What concept refers to linking online communications to offline urban criminality?
The cyber neighbourhood
What critical infrastructure is increasingly internet-enabled and vulnerable to ransomware extortion attacks?
Utilities like electricity and heating
What criminality often occurs in commercial spaces but remains overlooked in urban security agendas?
Corporate crimes and health/safety violations
What early social investigators used urban ethnography to study slums?
Henry Mayhew and Frederick Engels
What technological innovation after 2000 made the internet highly participatory and editable?
Web 2.0
What practice involves coordinated robberies planned on encrypted social media channels?
Flash mobbing
What policy approach argues for preemptive action against security threats rather than retrospective responses?
Precautionary justice
What 1980s trend saw affluent professionals reoccupy upgraded inner-city housing, displacing lower income populations?
Gentrification
What did town planning initiatives in British cities replace slums with, aiming to improve behavior through housing design?
Council estates
What report linked aggressive stop and search practices to the 1981 UK riots?
The Scarman Report
What Los Angeles inner-city area did Mike Davis study as emblematic of the ecology of fear?
Compton
What illegal drug trade escalated inner-city violence from the 1980s onward?
Crack cocaine
What historical trend does Mike Davis see late 20th century LA governance reflecting?
Authoritarianism
What provides security for affluent citizens but leaves lower-income groups to self-organize protections in the ecology of fear model?
Private security systems
What paradox arises from the 1990s crime drop when fear still persists due to parallel, unintegrated lives in cities?
Fear/crime paradox
What planning disaster in British cities removed defensible space and was vulnerable to crime and decay?
High-rise council flats
