Topic 1: CONSTRUCTIONS OF CRIME, SECURITY AND JUSTICE IN THE CITY

Question 1

What conditions of the working-class in England did Frederick Engels (1845/1934) think were causes of crime in the ‘Great Towns’?

Answer 1

Poverty, dirt and low environment

Question 2

What estimated percentage of the global population will be living in urban areas by 2050?

Answer 2

70%

Question 3

What is the basic presumption of this module?

Answer 3

Processes of urbanisation have been central to the history of criminological thought and continue to be so

Question 4

What, according to Henry Mayhew (1851-1862) distinguished ‘nomadic’ denizens of Victorian slum neighbourhoods from ‘the civilised man’?

Answer 4

Their passion for stupefying herbs and roots and for intoxicating liquors

Question 5

According to the Chicago School, which of the following residential zones of the city have the strongest correlation with ‘juvenile delinquency’?

Answer 5

The zone in transition

Question 6

Why did the Chicago School think the ecology of the city would result in juvenile delinquency becoming a marginal, deviant, aspect of life in cities?

Answer 6

As cities grow there are more opportunities for the upward mobility of citizens out of socially disorganised neighbourhoods

Question 7

What, according to Mike Davis (1992), characterises the ‘ecology of fear’ in late-modern cities like Los Angeles?

Answer 7

A fortress mentality including the growing use of private security

Question 8

Given the advent of hyperconnected, ‘smart’, cities:

Answer 8

Criminology needs to appreciate the interplay of online and offline victimisation

Question 9

What according to Bannister and Flint (2017), characterises the relationship between crime, civility and security in contemporary European cities?

Answer 9

Paradox of increasing fear but decreasing crime and unrest, as people don’t trust each other/ a lack of social inetgration

Question 10

What term was coined by social reformers like Henry Mayhew to describe the moral degradation and criminality observed in Victorian city slums?

Answer 10

The Rookery

Question 11

Who argued that slum populations were dangerous people who chose to reject civilized society and prey on it?

Answer 11

Henry Mayhew

Question 12

Who argued that the material conditions of slums explain the problems encountered by slum dwellers rather than their moral failings?

Answer 12

Frederick Engels

Question 13

What is the debate between focusing on the agency of offenders versus the social conditions that facilitate crime called?

Answer 13

The perennial argument

Question 14

What movement focused on racial purity and saw urban slums and unregulated sexuality as threats to the nation?

Answer 14

The eugenics movement

Question 15

What city grew extremely rapidly from 1870 to 1900 due to industrialization and migration?

Answer 15

Chicago

Question 16

What zone did Chicago School sociologists argue was criminogenic due to high residential turnover and lack of social controls?

Answer 16

The zone in transition

Question 17

What study mapped juvenile delinquents’ addresses to inner-city Chicago neighborhoods to support the zone in transition theory?

Answer 17

Shaw and McKay’s juvenile delinquency study (1942)

Question 18

What criticism argues you cannot infer individual behaviors from aggregate ecological data about a neighborhood?

Answer 18

The ecological fallacy

Question 19

What planning policies aimed to relocate slum populations to less crowded municipal housing estates?

Answer 19

UK slum clearance programs

Question 20

What signaled the reemergence of concerns over dangerous cities in the 1960s US?

Answer 20

Riots in Watts and other inner cities

Question 21

What practices in the UK were seen as worsening police-community tensions in inner-cities in the 1980s?

Answer 21

Stop and search targeting of minority youths

Question 22

Who coined the term “ecology of fear” regarding governance focused on criminalization and risk management?

Answer 22

Mike Davis

Question 23

What paradox emerged from the 1990s onward with fear increasing but crime rates decreasing?

Answer 23

The fear/crime paradox

Question 24

What does Mike Davis call the zone of prisons encircling cities to warehouse offender populations?

Answer 24

The gulag rim

Question 25

What characterizes relations in the era of the “smart city”?

Answer 25

Hyperconnected citizens

Question 26

What constitutes a principal focus of contemporary cybercriminology?

Answer 26

Harms conducted online like social media abuse

Question 27

What concept refers to linking online communications to offline urban criminality?

Answer 27

The cyber neighbourhood

Question 28

What critical infrastructure is increasingly internet-enabled and vulnerable to ransomware extortion attacks?

Answer 28

Utilities like electricity and heating

Question 29

What criminality often occurs in commercial spaces but remains overlooked in urban security agendas?

Answer 29

Corporate crimes and health/safety violations

Question 30

What early social investigators used urban ethnography to study slums?

Answer 30

Henry Mayhew and Frederick Engels

Question 31

What technological innovation after 2000 made the internet highly participatory and editable?

Answer 31

Web 2.0

Question 32

What practice involves coordinated robberies planned on encrypted social media channels?

Answer 32

Flash mobbing

Question 33

What policy approach argues for preemptive action against security threats rather than retrospective responses?

Answer 33

Precautionary justice

Question 34

What 1980s trend saw affluent professionals reoccupy upgraded inner-city housing, displacing lower income populations?

Answer 34

Gentrification

Question 35

What did town planning initiatives in British cities replace slums with, aiming to improve behavior through housing design?

Answer 35

Council estates

Question 36

What report linked aggressive stop and search practices to the 1981 UK riots?

Answer 36

The Scarman Report

Question 37

What Los Angeles inner-city area did Mike Davis study as emblematic of the ecology of fear?

Answer 37

Compton

Question 38

What illegal drug trade escalated inner-city violence from the 1980s onward?

Answer 38

Crack cocaine

Question 39

What historical trend does Mike Davis see late 20th century LA governance reflecting?

Answer 39

Authoritarianism

Question 40

What provides security for affluent citizens but leaves lower-income groups to self-organize protections in the ecology of fear model?

Answer 40

Private security systems

Question 41

What paradox arises from the 1990s crime drop when fear still persists due to parallel, unintegrated lives in cities?

Answer 41

Fear/crime paradox

Question 42

What planning disaster in British cities removed defensible space and was vulnerable to crime and decay?

Answer 42

High-rise council flats