KEY READINGS

Question 1

What are the main reasons for persistently high fear of crime among urban populations, despite declining record crime levels?

Answer 1

• Increasing terrorism and ethno-religious conflicts
• Large-scale migrations across national boundaries
• A broader sense of insecurity centred on encounters with difference

Question 2

The concept of “propinquity” refers to:

Answer 2

• The mechanism for enhancing civility and tolerance in cities
• Techniques of urban governance to manage diversity

Question 3

Cities have been historically viewed as having a “Janus-faced quality because:

Answer 3

They can foster refinement and order, but also chaos and disorder

Question 4

Which of these is NOT considered an “incivility” that threatens public sociability?

Answer 4

Robbery

Question 5

The concept of the “substantive” dimension of civility refers to:

Answer 5

A sense of community membership with rights and responsibilities

Question 6

Which classical thinker described the “brutal indifference” that can arise in cities?

Answer 6

Alexis de Tocqueville

Question 7

The rise of “poor doors” as separate entrances for different income groups in housing is seen as evidence of:

Answer 7

Continuing class segregation from the industrial city era

Question 8

During the 19th century, the “dangerous classes” were viewed as:

Answer 8

A racial and cultural threat to law, order and progress

Question 9

The Chicago School’s urban model depicted:

Answer 9

• The city centre ringed by increasingly affluent zones
• Working class areas seen as disorgansied and criminal

Question 10

Which of these was NOT cited as a factor contributing to doubts about urban progress from the 1960s-70s?

Answer 10

The increasing racial diversity of inner cities

Question 11

The concept of the urban “underclass” that emerged in the 1980-90s played on fears about:

Answer 11

• Lack of economic opportunities for youth
• Race and gender, similar to past “dangerous classes”

Question 12

In the new urban order, what trend is seen in terms of security and crime control?

Answer 12

Increased surveillance targeting marginal groups

Question 13

Which of these is NOT a condition needed to engender meaningful interaction and mutual respect between groups?

Answer 13

Complete cultural assimilation of minority groups

Question 14

New communication technologies like social media are seen as having potential to?

Answer 14

• Facilitate more cross-group interactions
• Increase intra-group engagement

Question 15

The concept of the “civil city” emphasises forms of urban encounter underpinned by:

Answer 15

Greater equality and inclusive citizenship

Question 16

Public perceptions of crime and antisocial behaviour are shaped by factors like:

Answer 16

• What people are accustomed to and familiar with
• Reliance on stereotypes and metaphors about groups
• Assessments of potential threat or risk

Question 17

Which of these is NOT identified as a factor driving “urban insecurity” and desire for exclusion/segregation?

Answer 17

Rising levels of urban crime and violence

Question 18

In the UK, antisocial behaviour policies have been characterised by:

Answer 18

• The government positioning itself as a neutral mediator
• Prioritising the interests of dominant groups

Question 19

The “phronesis” concept refers to:

Answer 19

Public fears about diversity reflected in government discourse

Question 20

A key challenge identified is overcoming the apparent:

Answer 20

Cycle where public and elite fears intensify each other