Topic 5: CRIME, PLACE AND SPACE IN THE CITY

Question 1

What term refers to the study of spatial and temporal patterns of crime?

Answer 1

Ecological criminology

Question 2

Shaw and McKay found that young offenders were concentrated in which areas?

Answer 2

Zone in transition

Question 3

What theory links social ties in neighborhoods to crime rates?

Answer 3

Collective efficacy

Question 4

Routine activities theory states crime happens when what three elements converge?

Answer 4

Motivated offender, suitable target, lack of guardian

Question 5

What criminology approach studies spatial analysis of police data?

Answer 5

GIS mapping

Question 6

What theory links disorder and erosion of community controls?

Answer 6

Broken windows

Question 7

Bottoms suggested replacing “environmental criminology” with what term?

Answer 7

Socio-spatial criminology

Question 8

What theory argues offenders prefer to commit crimes in familiar areas?

Answer 8

Crime pattern theory

Question 9

Which criminologist studied links between disorder and serious crime?

Answer 9

Wesley Skogan

Question 10

What theory suggests public perceptions shape concepts of social space?

Answer 10

Signal crimes

Question 11

What approach studies crime from offender and victim perspectives?

Answer 11

Ethnographic immersion

Question 12

What policy aims to improve education and jobs in deprived areas?

Answer 12

Priority estates

Question 13

What approach uses environmental design to prevent crime?

Answer 13

Crime prevention through environmental design

Question 14

Which criminologist studied links between disorder and fear of crime?

Answer 14

Martin Innes

Question 15

What theory suggests people’s routine activities shape crime rates?

Answer 15

Routine activities theory

Question 16

What characteristics did Shaw and McKay associate with high crime areas?

Answer 16

Ethnic diversity, poverty, instability

Question 17

What approach directs police resources based on algorithms?

Answer 17

Predictive policing

Question 18

Which theory suggests residents reach a “tipping point” that accelerates crime?

Answer 18

Broken windows

Question 19

What theory suggests crime encourages criminal subcultures?

Answer 19

Social disorganization

Question 20

What theory links sense of community ownership to crime rates?

Answer 20

Defensible space

Question 21

Where did Morris find offenders tended to concentrate in the UK?

Answer 21

Peripheral estates

Question 22

What theory suggests residents avoid disorderly areas of cities?

Answer 22

Broken windows

Question 23

What approach emerged from research on signal crimes?

Answer 23

Neighborhood policing

Question 24

What approach uses physical changes to reduce crime rewards?

Answer 24

Situational crime prevention

Question 25

Where did early research find young offenders tended to live?

Answer 25

Zone in transition

Question 26

What theory suggests residents develop shared goals to reduce crime?

Answer 26

Collective efficacy

Question 27

What criminological approach studies crime clusters using mapping?

Answer 27

Spatial analysis

Question 28

What theory suggests public drinking sends signals about risk?

Answer 28

Signal crimes

Question 29

What approach introduced community support officers in the UK?

Answer 29

Neighborhood policing

Question 30

What theory suggests residents informally control crime?

Answer 30

Collective efficacy

Question 31

What criminological study found variations in collective efficacy?

Answer 31

Sampson and Raudenbush

Question 32

What theory links erosion of trust to higher crime rates?

Answer 32

Social disorganization

Question 33

What approach introduced priority estates funding in the UK?

Answer 33

Safer cities

Question 34

What theory suggests public areas shape opportunities for crime?

Answer 34

Routine activities theory

Question 35

What theory links crime rates to community efficacy?

Answer 35

Collective efficacy theory