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Crime, Security and Justice in the City Lectures and Reading > Topic 3: URBAN UNREST: INCIVILITY, RIOTS AND POLITICAL PROTEST > Flashcards

Topic 3: URBAN UNREST: INCIVILITY, RIOTS AND POLITICAL PROTEST Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT a principle of crowd policing associated with the Elaborated Social Identity Model?

A

Isolate

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2
Q

High levels of unemployment amongst particular groups would be most associated with which level of the ‘Flashpoints’ model (Waddington)?

A

Structural

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3
Q

Which of the following facts was NOT identified by the ‘Reading the Riots’ report (LSE/ The Guardian) as a key factor influencing the 2011 Riots?

A

Organised criminal gangs

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4
Q

Which of the below is NOT an argument put forward by PSJ Waddington about public order policing?

A

In a riot situation, individual police officers should have discretion to apply force as they see necessary

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT a key criticism of ‘classical’ behaviour theories of crowd behaviour?

A

Over-emphasis on the social circumstances of the crowd

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6
Q

What Act provides a legal definition of a riot in the UK?

A

The Public Order Act 1986

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7
Q

According to the Public Order Act 1986, how many people need to be gathered to legally constitute a riot?

A

12 or more

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8
Q

Which classical crowd theorist saw crowds as inherently irrational and prone to ‘contagion’?

A

Le Bon

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9
Q

What does Stott et al’s Elaborated Social Identity Model argue about riots?

A

Explains crowd behaviour through shifts in social identities and the treatment of crowds by the police

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10
Q

What are the 4 principles for public order policing according to ESIM?

A

Educate, communicate, facilitate, differentiate

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11
Q

What Commission reported on the 1960s US ‘ghetto riots’?

A

The Kerner Commission

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12
Q

When was Mark Duggan shot dead by police in London?

A

4th August 2011

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13
Q

Over how many days did rioting spread in August 2011 in England, after the shooting of Mark Duggan ?

A

5 days

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14
Q

How much worth of property damage was there in the 2011 riots?

A

Millions of pounds

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15
Q

What did David Cameron describe the 2011 riots as?

A

Criminality, pure and simple

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16
Q

What did Theresa May blame was the cause of the 2011 riots?

A

Violent gang culture

17
Q

What criticism did the Home Affairs Committee make about police numbers in 2011?

A

Flooding streets with police was vital but numbers were not increased quickly enough

18
Q

What 2022 Act aimed to increase police powers over protests?

A

The Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022

19
Q

What model sets out 6 factors shaping the likelihood of riots?

A

The Flashpoints model

20
Q

What are the 6 flashpoints factors?

A
  • Structural
  • Political/ ideological
  • Cultural
  • Contextual
  • Situational
  • Interactional
21
Q

Which flashpoints level refers to communication and rumor around the situation?

A

Contextual

22
Q

Who is the key writer associated with the Flashpoints model?

A

D. Waddington et al

23
Q

What criticism does Waddington make of the Flashpoints model?

A

Long lag time weakens explanatory power of the ‘flashpoint’ incident

24
Q

When did the Special Patrol Group (SPG) police unit emerge in England?

A

Late 1960s/early 1970s

25
Q

What tactic involves protesters being contained in an area by police?

A

Kettling

26
Q

What academic makes a ‘radical critique’ of paramilitary policing?

A

Jefferson

27
Q

What tactic does Jefferson say police use to escalate violence?

A

Spirals of violence

28
Q

How does PAJ Waddington defend public order policing tactics?

A

Preventing violence spirals through control and discipline

29
Q

What does the 2011 Reading the Riots study highlight as motivations for rioters?

A
  • Excitement
  • Consumerism
  • Empowerment over police
30
Q

What key difference does Newburn identify in the 2011 riots?

A
  • Scale
  • Speed of spread
  • Social media
31
Q

According to Newburn’s 2016 study, why did serious riots NOT occur in many cities?

A

Interaction of political, situational and interactional flashpoints

32
Q

When did the Special Patrol Group (SPG) emerge?

A

Early 1970s

33
Q

What public order legislation came after the 1980 and 1985 riots?

A

Public Order Act 1986

34
Q

What tactic involves keeping riot police out of sight unless disorder occurs?

A

Softly, softly

35
Q

What academic studied differences in riot cities vs non-riot in 2011?

A

Newburn

36
Q

What tactic do critics say makes excessive force more likely?

A

Military-style uniforms and equipment

37
Q

What tactic is seen by police as assertive control of space?

A

Containment

38
Q

What academic studied atavism and suggestibility in crowds?

A

Le Bon

39
Q

Which committees reviewed public order policing after 2011?

A

The Home Affairs Committee

Crime, Security and Justice in the City Lectures and Reading (16 decks)

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