Topic 8

Question 1

Are fungi multicellular or unicellular?

Answer 1

both
but most are multicellular

Question 2

what is mycelia?

Answer 2

a network of fungal threads and hyphae
- a mass of long filamentous hyphae

Question 3

hyphae

Answer 3

= web

Question 4

Apical growth means…

Answer 4

hyphae grow outwards by growth at the tips
- emphasis on outwards and tips

Question 5

why do we need fugus?

Answer 5

for absorptive nutrition

Question 6

how many species of fungus have been described?

Answer 6

148 000
but 1.5 million are thought to exist

Question 7

what type of troph is fungus?

Answer 7

• chemoheterotrophic

Question 8

what domain do fungus belong to?

Answer 8

eukaryotes

Question 9

what are the 3 main types of absorptive nutrition?

Answer 9

• saprobes
• parasites
• mutualistic

Question 10

describe saprobes absorption.

Answer 10

• Absorb nutrients from dead organic material - decomposers

Question 11

Describe parasitic absorption

Answer 11

absorb nutrients from cells of living hosts - can be pathogenic

Question 12

describe mutualistic absorption

Answer 12

absorb nutrients from the host but also benefit the host
- ex - land plants and roots

Question 13

what are 2 major structures of a fungus?

Answer 13

chitin and septa/septum

Question 14

what is chitin?

Answer 14

fungus have rigid cell walls made of chitin
- a polysaccharide component of cell walls

Question 15

what are septa?

Answer 15

• cross walls that partition some hyphae into cell-like compartments
• pores in septa allow cytoplasm and organelles to move between hyphal cells

Question 16

what is and does cytoplasmic streaming do in fungus?

Answer 16

it is the rapid movement of organelles and other cellular components throughout the cell
- in fungus it allows nutrients to flow throughout the hyphae

Question 17

what do the pores in the septa do?

Answer 17

allow for cytoplasm and organelles to move between hyphal cells

Question 18

what is special about coenocytic hypha?

Answer 18

• no septa - allows for faster movement of nutrients - continuous presence of cytoplasm

Question 19

hyphae form a network called what?

Answer 19

mycelium

Question 20

the earlier diverging fungi have septa or no?

Answer 20

no they were coenocytic

Question 21

are yeasts multi or uni cellular?

Answer 21

uni

Question 22

fugal cell walls are….

Answer 22

thick and ridged because of chitin

Question 23

are fungus motile or not?

Answer 23

most are not

Question 24

how do fungi reproduce?

Answer 24

• by spores - very effectively

Question 25

are spores produces sexually or asexually?

Answer 25

both

Question 26

what are the three stages of sexual reproduction in fungi?

Answer 26

Plasmogamy karyogamy meiosis

Question 27

what is plasmogamy?

Answer 27

fusion of the cytoplasm of two haploid cells

Question 28

what is karyogamy?

Answer 28

the fusion of the nuclei - after karyogamy it becomes a diploid

Question 29

REVIEW THE FUNGUS LIFE CYCLE

Question 30

When did fungus become present?

Answer 30

at least 760 mya

Question 31

Name the 6 major fungus phylums

Answer 31

Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Cryptomycota

Question 32

what are the defining characteristics of Chytridiomycota?

Answer 32

motile - only fungi that are motile - have flagellated spores - one to several cells about 1000 species

Question 33

what are the defining characteristics of Cryptomycota?

Answer 33

- single celled - spore like parasites - earliest diverging

Question 34

what are the defining characteristics of Zygomycota?

Answer 34

- hyphal - no septa - asexual reproduction is more common - sexual reproduction is less common - forms a zygospore

Question 35

sexually produced spores are called?

Answer 35

zygospores

Question 36

how do fungi asexually reproduce?

Answer 36

by mitosis

Question 37

how does sexually reproduction occur in fungi?

Answer 37

- in sexual a + and - mating strand join to make a gametangia, which fuses and then plasmogamy takes place and zygospore is formed. it then undergoes karyogamy and the nuclei fuse completing the zygospore. a sporangium eventually splits off and undergoes meiosis to create a haploid spores.

Question 38

what are the defining characteristics of Glomeromycota?

Answer 38

- hyphal - asexual - tight association with plant roots - very important to environment - about 160 species

Question 39

what are the three phylum that do sexual reproduction?

Answer 39

zygomycota basidiomycota ascomycota

Question 40

what are the defining characteristics of Ascomycota?

Answer 40

- hyphal - sac fungi - Ascospores - in asexual - conidia spores produced

Question 41

what are the phyla that are hyphal?

Answer 41

- zygo - glomero - asco - basidio

Question 42

what are Ascospores?

Answer 42

haploid sexual spores

Question 43

how many ascospores are there in a fungus?

Answer 43

always 8

Question 44

in asexual reproduction of Ascomytcetes fungi what is produced?

Answer 44

conidia spores

Question 45

penicillium is part of which phyla?

Answer 45

- ascomycota

Question 46

who discovered penicillium?

Answer 46

sir alexander flemming

Question 47

what is penicillium?

Answer 47

- the first antibiotic - in 1928 - noticed that staphylococcus stopped bacteria growth - even worked when diluted 800x

Question 48

when was sir alexander flemming awarded the nobel prize?

Answer 48

1945

Question 49

what are the defining characteristics of Basidiomycota?

Answer 49

-hyphal - club shaped spore structure (basidia) - about 22 000 species - mushroom gills

Question 50

what is basidia?

Answer 50

clubshaped spore bearing structure

Question 51

what is a thallus?

Answer 51

spongy body

Question 52

what is lichen comprised of?

Answer 52

mycobiont and a photobiont

Question 53

what is a mycobiont?

Answer 53

the fungus - most of the lichen body

Question 54

what is a photobiont?

Answer 54

the photosynthetic partner in lichen - thin layer - algae usually - produces food for the fungal component of the lichen

Question 55

after a natural disaster/wipe out what is one of the first things to appear?

Answer 55

lichens - they are also a good indication of air quality

Question 56

what it soredia?

Answer 56

- reproductive structure in lichens - allows for asexual reproduction