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Biology 108 > Topic 7 > Flashcards

Topic 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 7 characteristics of land plants

A
  • eukaryotes
  • Almost all Photoautotrophs
  • multicellular
  • cell walls
  • stationary
  • life cycle is alternation of generations
  • Embryo inside gametophyte
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2
Q

what does sessile mean?

A

stationary - not moving

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3
Q

what is the diploid generation produce?

A

spores

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4
Q

what is the diploid generation structure called?

A

sporophyte

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5
Q

what does the haploid generation produce?

A

gametes

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6
Q

what is the haploid generation structure called?

A

gametophyte

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7
Q

the diploid generation produces spores through what process?

A

meiosis

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8
Q

sporophyte to spore is _______n to ____n

A

2n to n

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9
Q

gametophyte to gamete is ____n to ___n

A

n to n

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10
Q

the haploid generation produces gametes through what process?

A

mitosis

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11
Q

A sporophyte(2n) has a chamber called a _________ with a ________ that undergoes _________to make a spore (n).

A

sporangium (2n)
spore mother cell (2n)
meiosis

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12
Q

A gametophyte (n) has a _____________ that undergoes _________ to produce a gamete (n).

A

gametangium (n)
mitosis (n)

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13
Q

In advanced land plants the _______ stage is more dominant. Likewise in less advanced land plants the _________stage is more dominant.

A

sporophyte
gamete

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14
Q

what is an adaptive advantage of delaying meiosis?

A

May maximize production of haploid spores

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15
Q

What would happen if there was direct meiosis of a zygote?

A

it would result in fewer haploid cells

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16
Q

how many living species are in the kingdom plantae?

A

about 300 000

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17
Q

how many phyla are in the kingdom plantae?

A

10

18
Q

what were 4 important adaptations for plants as they moved onto land?

A
  • needed to prevent desiccation (drying out)
  • needed to provide more physical support to their stems
  • needed to improve nutrient uptake
  • needed to permit sexual reproduction without water
19
Q

what are 3 characteristics that plants and green algae share?

A
  • cellulose walls
  • photosynthetic starch
  • chlorophylls a and b
20
Q

when did algae invade land?

A

about 450 mya

21
Q

the characters that plants and algae share are ________

A

synapomorphies

22
Q

describe the adaptation of the cuticle.

A

cuticle was an outer waxy layer that helped to prevent the plant from drying out

23
Q

describe the adaptation of the stomata

A

now that there was a cuticle covering the entirety of the plant, there needed to be a way for the plant to breath. the stomata were small openings on the plant that allow for uptake of CO2 and regulation of H2O

24
Q

what were the two adaptations that helped to limit water loss in land plants?

A

stomata and cuticle

25
Q

what was a symbiotic association that evolved with fungi?

A

Mycorrhizae

26
Q

describe mycorrhizae

A

a symbiotic association where a fungus colonizes a plants roots and grows beyond the reach of the roots
both benefit through the exchange of nutrients
- plants provide carbon
- fungus increases soil nutrients

27
Q

in mycorrhizae plants provide fungus with__________

A

carbon

28
Q

in mycorrhizae fungus benefits plants by providing them with_____

A

more nutrient rich soil

29
Q

what are the vascular tissues?

A

xylem and phloem and lignin

30
Q

what does vascular tissue do for the plant?

A

helps transport and provide physical support

31
Q

what is xylem and its key features?

A

vascular tissue that transports water - from bottom to top (against gravity)
reinforced with lignin
composed of dead cells

32
Q

what is phloem and its key features?

A

vascular tissue that conducts sugar transport
living cells

33
Q

what are tracheids ?

A

tapered cells in the xylem

34
Q

what is lignin?

A

complex polymer that strengthens the cell walls and allows them upright growth

35
Q

what are the apical meristems?

A

regions of constantly dividing cells near the tips of the shoots and roots - they produce all of the tissues of the plant body
- the foundation for branching and root systems
- stems and leaves come from these

36
Q

what do roots do for the plant?

A

anchor plants
absorb water and nutrients from soil

37
Q

what are rhizomes?

A

horizontal, undergrounds stems that can produce shoot and root systems
- penetrate soil and anchors the plant

38
Q

what are angiosperms?

A

flowering plants

39
Q

what are gymnosperms?

A

seed producing plants - like conifers - flowerless - produce cones and seed

40
Q

what are homosporous plants?

A

plants that produce one type of spore
- bisexual
- motile sperm

41
Q

what are heterosporous plants?

A

plants that produce two types of spores
- female gametophyte produces eggs - site of fertilization
-male gametophyte is nonmotile and transfers to female - pollen

Biology 108 (13 decks)

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