Topic 5-1 Flashcards
what are two types of eukaryotic cells?
Animal and plant cells
Name the features of eukaryotic cells that are NOT found in Prokaryotic cells (5)
Cytoskeleton
organelles
membrane sterols
nucleus and nuclear membrane
golgi
ER
they also have different structured flagella
What is the structure of flagella in eukaryotic cells?
9+2 structure
waves and bends - produced by motor proteins
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella are….
analogues - similar function - different structure
what are two major features of the Eukaryotic cells
- complex membrane (evolved by infolding)
- Specialized double membrane organelles - mitochondria and chloroplasts
Describe the Autogenous Model of the Origin of Eukaryotes
- The invagination of the cellular membrane lead to the appearance of the ER, Golgi, and nuclear membrane.
describe the Endosymbiosis Model of the Origin of Eukaryotes
mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacterial symbionts of early eukaryotic cells
- a small bacteria was engulfed by a Archean cell - the mutually beneficial relationship allowed the two to evolve together - eventually the two organisms became dependent on one another.
What is 4 pieces of evidence that support prokaryotic features fo mitochondria and chloroplasts?
1) replication by binary fission
2) presence of a double membrane
3) presence of own DNA
4) contain own ribosomes
5) shape and size similar to prokaryotes
according to the theory of endosymbiosis how was mitochondria developed?
- an aerobic respiring bacteria was engulfed (presence of oxygen)
according to the theory of endosymbiosis how were chloroplasts developed?
Photosynthetic bacterium engulfed by plant cells (ingested cyanobacteria)
define cyanobacteria
bacteria that are capable of photosynthesis - prokaryotic - earliest life forms
what are 6 pieces of evidence that support prokaryotic features of mitochondria and chloroplasts
1) Morphology - meaning shape and size similar to that of prokaryotic cells
2) Reproduction - they divide by binary fission
3) Contain own DNA
4) contain transcription and translation machinery
5) contain ETC
6) sequence analysis - they belong on tree of life
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts __________ contain all genetic info necessary to _______
DO NOT
Function
DNA transcription happens in the ____ and _______ of eukaryotes
nucleus and cytoplasm
What are the issues with the invagination and endosymbiosis theories?
they do not account for features such as….
Cilia/flagella
mitosis and genome
meiosis and sex
nucleus
what is mimi?
nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA virus
what is vertical gene transfer?
genetic inheritance from one generation to the next - within a species
What is horizontal gene transfer?
genetic inheritance between unrelated species - evolution of Eukaryotes
What is a chimaera?
Greek mythology - a part goat part lion part serpent
the Eukaryotic cell is the __________ of Prokaryotic parts. what does this mean?
chimaera
- means is is made up of parts of the prokaryotic cell
- mitochondria, plastids, nucleus, etc. all from different bacterias
early eukaryotes generate ______________causing…
More ATP - causing larger and more complex cells
- which supports a wide variety of genes - specific traits could be developed.
what is symbiosis?
- relationship between organisms
what are the three types of symbiosis?
parasitism
commensalism
mutualism
parasitism
- one benefits other is harmed
