Topic 5-1

Question 1

what are two types of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 1

Animal and plant cells

Question 2

Name the features of eukaryotic cells that are NOT found in Prokaryotic cells (5)

Answer 2

Cytoskeleton
organelles
membrane sterols
nucleus and nuclear membrane
golgi
ER
they also have different structured flagella

Question 3

What is the structure of flagella in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 3

9+2 structure
waves and bends - produced by motor proteins

Question 4

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella are….

Answer 4

analogues - similar function - different structure

Question 5

what are two major features of the Eukaryotic cells

Answer 5

• complex membrane (evolved by infolding)
• Specialized double membrane organelles - mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 6

Describe the Autogenous Model of the Origin of Eukaryotes

Answer 6

• The invagination of the cellular membrane lead to the appearance of the ER, Golgi, and nuclear membrane.

Question 7

describe the Endosymbiosis Model of the Origin of Eukaryotes

Answer 7

mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacterial symbionts of early eukaryotic cells
- a small bacteria was engulfed by a Archean cell - the mutually beneficial relationship allowed the two to evolve together - eventually the two organisms became dependent on one another.

Question 8

What is 4 pieces of evidence that support prokaryotic features fo mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Answer 8

1) replication by binary fission
2) presence of a double membrane
3) presence of own DNA
4) contain own ribosomes
5) shape and size similar to prokaryotes

Question 9

according to the theory of endosymbiosis how was mitochondria developed?

Answer 9

• an aerobic respiring bacteria was engulfed (presence of oxygen)

Question 10

according to the theory of endosymbiosis how were chloroplasts developed?

Answer 10

Photosynthetic bacterium engulfed by plant cells (ingested cyanobacteria)

Question 11

define cyanobacteria

Answer 11

bacteria that are capable of photosynthesis - prokaryotic - earliest life forms

Question 12

what are 6 pieces of evidence that support prokaryotic features of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 12

1) Morphology - meaning shape and size similar to that of prokaryotic cells
2) Reproduction - they divide by binary fission
3) Contain own DNA
4) contain transcription and translation machinery
5) contain ETC
6) sequence analysis - they belong on tree of life

Question 13

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts __________ contain all genetic info necessary to _______

Answer 13

DO NOT
Function

Question 14

DNA transcription happens in the ____ and _______ of eukaryotes

Answer 14

nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 15

What are the issues with the invagination and endosymbiosis theories?

Answer 15

they do not account for features such as….
Cilia/flagella
mitosis and genome
meiosis and sex
nucleus

Question 16

what is mimi?

Answer 16

nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA virus

Question 17

what is vertical gene transfer?

Answer 17

genetic inheritance from one generation to the next - within a species

Question 18

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 18

genetic inheritance between unrelated species - evolution of Eukaryotes

Question 19

What is a chimaera?

Answer 19

Greek mythology - a part goat part lion part serpent

Question 20

the Eukaryotic cell is the __________ of Prokaryotic parts. what does this mean?

Answer 20

chimaera
- means is is made up of parts of the prokaryotic cell
- mitochondria, plastids, nucleus, etc. all from different bacterias

Question 21

early eukaryotes generate ______________causing…

Answer 21

More ATP - causing larger and more complex cells
- which supports a wide variety of genes - specific traits could be developed.

Question 22

what is symbiosis?

Answer 22

• relationship between organisms

Question 23

what are the three types of symbiosis?

Answer 23

parasitism
commensalism
mutualism

Question 24

parasitism

Answer 24

• one benefits other is harmed

Question 25

mutualism

Answer 25

both benefit