Topic 2

Question 1

________ is a tool to do _________

Answer 1

taxonomy
systematics

Question 2

define systematics

Answer 2

the study of biodiversity

Question 3

_________ is the field of biology that studies and tries to establish phylogenies

Answer 3

systematics

Question 4

define phylogeny

Answer 4

• evolutionary history
• like a family tree or geneology
• all organisms have ancestors - and share characteristics

Question 5

define homology

Answer 5

similarities due to a shared ancestor or ancestry
- do not necessarily have the same function
- come from a recent common ancestor

Question 6

traits similar in structure, not function are…

Answer 6

homologus and come from a common ancestor

Question 7

give an example of a homologous structure

Answer 7

forearm bones in different species
cat whale Bird wing
- they all have different functions - swimming, walking, flying, but the bones are all similar, and they all come from a common ancestor.

Question 8

hyomandibular bone in the jaw corresponds to the ______ bones of the ear

Answer 8

stapes

Question 9

upper jaw bone in the jaw corresponds to the ______ bones of the ear

Answer 9

incus

Question 10

lower jaw bone in the jaw corresponds to the ______ bones of the ear

Answer 10

malleus

Question 11

another word for analogy is…

Answer 11

homoplasy

Question 12

Define analogy

Answer 12

similarities between STRUCTURES that is NOT the result of a common ancestor

Question 13

the similarity in function that does NOT result from a common ancestor is known as

Answer 13

analogy or homoplasy

Question 14

give an example of homoplasy

Answer 14

the wings of birds and insects - they are both wings and used to fly, but they did NOT originate from a similar ancestor.

Question 15

similarity in function

Answer 15

analogy

Question 16

similar in appearance/structure

Answer 16

homology

Question 17

divergent evolution

Answer 17

2 groups of the same species evolve different traits within their groups to accommodate for differing environments and social pressures.

Question 18

species that came from a common ancestor and moved apart because they developed different traits are an example of

Answer 18

divergent evolution

Question 19

define convergent evolution

Answer 19

2 species occupy similar traits due to adaptations to similar environmental and social pressures. even though they come from different ancestors.

Question 20

convergent evolution can be analogous but cannot be ______

Answer 20

homologous

Question 21

convergent evolution in simple terms is…

Answer 21

similar appearance not due to common ancestry

Question 22

parallel evolution

Answer 22

the evolution of traits independently in the descendants that was not present in the ancestor

Question 23

define plesiomorphy

Answer 23

primitive
- earliest
- original character state that gave rise to the derived state

Question 24

symplesiomorphy

Answer 24

• ## shared primitive state

Question 25

define apomorphic

Answer 25

- derived - descended - character state derived from a primitive state

Question 26

synapomorphy

Answer 26

-shared derived state - shared exclusively by evolutionary descendants

Question 27

what carries genetic information?

Answer 27

DNA

Question 28

what are the three approaches to systematics?

Answer 28

synthetic phenetic cladistic

Question 29

explain the synthetic approach to systematics

Answer 29

- traditional systematics - evolutionary trees

Question 30

explain the phenetic approach to systematics

Answer 30

- numerical taxonomy - statistical analysis

Question 31

explain the cladistic approach to systematics

Answer 31

phylogenetic systematics - based on characteristics that most clearly reveal evolutionary relationships

Question 32

in cladistics all species in a clade share ________

Answer 32

the most recent common ancestor.

Question 33

monophyletic

Answer 33

one evolutionary history - a taxon in which all species share a most recent common ancestor and all species derived must be included - an ancestor and all its descendants

Question 34

polyphyletic

Answer 34

many, evolutionary histories - a derived taxon from two or more ancestral groups

Question 35

paraphyletic

Answer 35

a taxon in which all species share a most recent common ancestor, but NOT ALL species derived are included.

Question 36

nodes

Answer 36

point where branches come out - represents the most recent common ancestor

Question 37

termina taxa

Answer 37

species at the end of a branch

Question 38

study group

Answer 38

also called an ingroup - the organisms

Question 39

outgroup

Answer 39

the closest relative to the ingroup

Question 40

polarity

Answer 40

direction of evolutionary change

Question 41

cladogram

Answer 41

a branching diagram to represent evolutionary relationships

Question 42

clade

Answer 42

a group of organisms that has evolved from a common ancestor

Question 43

the outgroup is the ________state

Answer 43

primitive

Question 44

principle of parsimony

Answer 44

- used to identify the optimal phylogenetic tree - the simplest explanation is the best - low tree length/less changes = better

Question 45

taxonomy

Answer 45

science of naming and classifying organisms

Question 46

taxa that are most similar are brought together in...

Answer 46

a genus

Question 47

taxa

Answer 47

the hierarchical divisions of a species from kingdom to subspecies

Question 48

taxon represents

Answer 48

an organism

Question 49

what is the order of taxonomic categories?

Answer 49

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Question 50

What is the acronym for the taxonomic categories?

Answer 50

Domain King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

Question 51

sub is always ________ and super is __________

Answer 51

below above

Question 52

sub and super classes start after ______

Answer 52

phylum

Question 53

nomenclature

Answer 53

system of scientific names applied to taxa

Question 54

Linnaeus is the father of

Answer 54

nomenclature

Question 55

who created the binomial system

Answer 55

Linnaeus

Question 56

binomial system is...

Answer 56

- 2 part naming system - genus and species - in latin - underline or italics

Question 57

anything above species should be

Answer 57

capitalized

Question 58

the year a species is _____ is the year used in the name

Answer 58

described

Question 59

authorship

Answer 59

whoever describes the species for the first time gains authorship

Question 60

you use brackets around the author and year when

Answer 60

the species has been revised

Question 61

when a species is revised the author of it is....

Answer 61

still the old one - it stays as the original namer - you just add brackets around it.

Question 62

what is the rule of priority

Answer 62

if it is already named you cannot use it the oldest gets priority