Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 108 > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

________ is a tool to do _________

A

taxonomy
systematics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define systematics

A

the study of biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_________ is the field of biology that studies and tries to establish phylogenies

A

systematics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define phylogeny

A
  • evolutionary history
  • like a family tree or geneology
  • all organisms have ancestors - and share characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define homology

A

similarities due to a shared ancestor or ancestry
- do not necessarily have the same function
- come from a recent common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

traits similar in structure, not function are…

A

homologus and come from a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

give an example of a homologous structure

A

forearm bones in different species
cat whale Bird wing
- they all have different functions - swimming, walking, flying, but the bones are all similar, and they all come from a common ancestor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hyomandibular bone in the jaw corresponds to the ______ bones of the ear

A

stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

upper jaw bone in the jaw corresponds to the ______ bones of the ear

A

incus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lower jaw bone in the jaw corresponds to the ______ bones of the ear

A

malleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

another word for analogy is…

A

homoplasy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define analogy

A

similarities between STRUCTURES that is NOT the result of a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the similarity in function that does NOT result from a common ancestor is known as

A

analogy or homoplasy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

give an example of homoplasy

A

the wings of birds and insects - they are both wings and used to fly, but they did NOT originate from a similar ancestor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

similarity in function

A

analogy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

similar in appearance/structure

A

homology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

divergent evolution

A

2 groups of the same species evolve different traits within their groups to accommodate for differing environments and social pressures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

species that came from a common ancestor and moved apart because they developed different traits are an example of

A

divergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define convergent evolution

A

2 species occupy similar traits due to adaptations to similar environmental and social pressures. even though they come from different ancestors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

convergent evolution can be analogous but cannot be ______

A

homologous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

convergent evolution in simple terms is…

A

similar appearance not due to common ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

parallel evolution

A

the evolution of traits independently in the descendants that was not present in the ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define plesiomorphy

A

primitive
- earliest
- original character state that gave rise to the derived state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

symplesiomorphy

A
  • ## shared primitive state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

define apomorphic

A
  • derived
  • descended
  • character state derived from a primitive state
26
Q

synapomorphy

A

-shared derived state
- shared exclusively by evolutionary descendants

27
Q

what carries genetic information?

A

DNA

28
Q

what are the three approaches to systematics?

A

synthetic
phenetic
cladistic

29
Q

explain the synthetic approach to systematics

A
  • traditional systematics
  • evolutionary trees
30
Q

explain the phenetic approach to systematics

A
  • numerical taxonomy
  • statistical analysis
31
Q

explain the cladistic approach to systematics

A

phylogenetic systematics
- based on characteristics that most clearly reveal evolutionary relationships

32
Q

in cladistics all species in a clade share ________

A

the most recent common ancestor.

33
Q

monophyletic

A

one evolutionary history
- a taxon in which all species share a most recent common ancestor and all species derived must be included
- an ancestor and all its descendants

34
Q

polyphyletic

A

many, evolutionary histories
- a derived taxon from two or more ancestral groups

35
Q

paraphyletic

A

a taxon in which all species share a most recent common ancestor, but NOT ALL species derived are included.

36
Q

nodes

A

point where branches come out
- represents the most recent common ancestor

37
Q

termina taxa

A

species at the end of a branch

38
Q

study group

A

also called an ingroup - the organisms

39
Q

outgroup

A

the closest relative to the ingroup

40
Q

polarity

A

direction of evolutionary change

41
Q

cladogram

A

a branching diagram to represent evolutionary relationships

42
Q

clade

A

a group of organisms that has evolved from a common ancestor

43
Q

the outgroup is the ________state

A

primitive

44
Q

principle of parsimony

A
  • used to identify the optimal phylogenetic tree
  • the simplest explanation is the best
  • low tree length/less changes = better
45
Q

taxonomy

A

science of naming and classifying organisms

46
Q

taxa that are most similar are brought together in…

A

a genus

47
Q

taxa

A

the hierarchical divisions of a species from kingdom to subspecies

48
Q

taxon represents

A

an organism

49
Q

what is the order of taxonomic categories?

A

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

50
Q

What is the acronym for the taxonomic categories?

A

Domain King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

51
Q

sub is always ________ and super is __________

A

below
above

52
Q

sub and super classes start after ______

A

phylum

53
Q

nomenclature

A

system of scientific names applied to taxa

54
Q

Linnaeus is the father of

A

nomenclature

55
Q

who created the binomial system

A

Linnaeus

56
Q

binomial system is…

A
  • 2 part naming system
  • genus and species
  • in latin
  • underline or italics
57
Q

anything above species should be

A

capitalized

58
Q

the year a species is _____ is the year used in the name

A

described

59
Q

authorship

A

whoever describes the species for the first time gains authorship

60
Q

you use brackets around the author and year when

A

the species has been revised

61
Q

when a species is revised the author of it is….

A

still the old one - it stays as the original namer - you just add brackets around it.

62
Q

what is the rule of priority

A

if it is already named you cannot use it
the oldest gets priority

Biology 108 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions