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Biology 108 > Topic 3-3 > Flashcards

Topic 3-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

define anagenesis

A

evolutionary change of various characteristics in each descendant

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2
Q

define cladogenesis

A

branching of a lineage in two or more descendant lines
- evolution that results in the splitting of a lineage

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3
Q

define punctuated equilibrium

A
  • sudden changes and unchanged for a period of time
    -results in the splitting of a lineage
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4
Q

species is the only what in nature

A

real taxonomic category

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5
Q

define the morphological species concept

A
  • unique set of structural features
  • nothing to do with evolution
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6
Q

define phylogenetic species concept

A
  • in terms of smallest group of individuals on the phylogenetic tree
  • populations that share a recent evolutionary history
  • smallest group of individuals based on sharing the most recent common ancestor
  • the terminal taxa
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7
Q

What is the main focus of the biological species concept?

A

REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION

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8
Q

Define the biological species concept

A
  • focus on reproductive isolation
  • weakness- cannot be applied to asexual species
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9
Q

MEMORIZE THIS
“Species are groups of actually or potentially
interbreeding natural populations which are
reproductively isolated from other such groups”

A
  • this is biological species concept - you try memorized now !
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10
Q

biological species concept must follow isolating mechanisms for species to be _______

A

valid

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11
Q

what are the two reproductive isolating mechanisms?

A

Prezygotic and postzygotic

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12
Q

What is prezygotic isolating mechanism

A
  • inhibits mating between species
    or hinders fertilization of ova should there be mating
  • prevents them from even having sex in the first place
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13
Q

What is postzygotic isolating mechanism

A
  • prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult
  • fertilization can happen but hybrid can not continue on
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14
Q

regardless of which species definition is used _______ and ________ are required

A

pre and post zygotic isolating mechanisms

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15
Q

List the Prezygotic isolation types

A

habitat
behavioral
temporal
mechanical
gametic

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16
Q

what is Habitat isolation?

A
  • prezygotic
  • species live in different places - never meet = never mate
17
Q

what is behavioral isolation?

A
  • prezygotic
  • little to no sexual isolation between male and female
18
Q

what is temporal isolation?

A
  • prezygotic
  • mating happens at different seasons or time of day
19
Q

what is mechanical isolation?

A

structural isolation
- prezygotic
- difference in genitals (example)

20
Q

what is gametic isolation?

A

female and male gametes fail to attract eachother or are invible

21
Q

What are the postzygotic barriers?

A

reduced hybrid viability (inviability)
reduced hybrid fertility (sterility)
hybrid breakdowns

22
Q

what is reduced hybrid viability?

A

hybrid zygotes fail to develop or fail to reach sexual maturity

23
Q

what is reduced hybrid fertility?

A

hybrids fail to produce functional gametes

24
Q

what is hybrid breakdown?

A

offspring or hybrids have reduced viability or fertility

25
Q

what are the two modes of speciation?

A

allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation

26
Q

what is allopatric speciation?

A

new species forms due to a geographic separation from the parent population

27
Q

what is sympatric speciation?

A

new species forms without a geographical isolation
- origin of species within the range of parent population

28
Q

hybridization is the result of…

A

incomplete reproductive isolation

29
Q

what is a hybrid zone?

A

a geographic region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids

30
Q

Macroevolution is the cumulative effect of many ____ and _____ events

A

speciation and extinction

Biology 108 (13 decks)

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