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Biology 108 > Topic 3 - 1 > Flashcards

Topic 3 - 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Darwin visit the Galapagos?

A

1831-1836

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2
Q

explain the three processes that make natural selection

A

environmental Factors, selection pressure, change in organisms

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3
Q

Explain the three processes that make artificial selection

A

Human intervention, Selection pressure, change in organisms

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4
Q

What are the different ways that human intervention are seen in artificial selection?

A

selective breeding, gmo

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5
Q

what is the order of the contributions of people to evolution

A

Linnaeus, Hutton, Malthus, Lamarck, Cuvier, Lyell, Darwin and Wallace

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6
Q

How many main people contributed to evolution ideas?

A

8

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7
Q

What were the contributions of Linnaeus?

A
  • Father of taxonomy
  • Binomial nomenclature
  • system plantarum
  • system naturae
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8
Q

who is the father of taxonomy?

A

Linnaeus

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9
Q

who created the binomial nomenclature system?

A

Linnaeus

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10
Q

What were the contributions of James Hutton?

A
  • developed paleontology
  • Gradualism - 1795
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11
Q

define gradualism

A
  • change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous process
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12
Q

who proposed gradualism?

A

Hutton

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13
Q

Who was the father of demography?

A

Malthus

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14
Q

Define Demography

A

the study of human dynamics/populations

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15
Q

What were the contributions of Thomas Malthus?

A
  • Father of demography
  • the power of the pop is greater than the earth to produce for man.
  • populations grow exponentially while agriculture grows linear
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16
Q

populations grow __________

A

exponentially

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17
Q

Agriculture grows ___________

A

linearly

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18
Q

What contributions did Lamarck have?

A
  • initial idea of evolution - 1809
  • law of use and disuse
  • acquired characteristics
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19
Q

What is the law of use and disuse?

A
  • if traits are used continuously - they become more developed
  • if not used - they are lost
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20
Q

What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics theory?

A

changes that occurred/acquired in ones lifetime would be passed onto offspring.

21
Q

who proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics theory?

A

lamarck

22
Q

who proposed the law of use and disuse?

A

Lamarck

23
Q

what were Cuvier’s Contributions?

A
  • catastrophism
  • did not believe in gradualism
24
Q

Organisms do not appear through….

A

spontaneous generation

25
Q

Physical changes acquired in a lifetime are _______ passed on to offspring… this is what?

A
  • Not
  • theory of acquired characteristics
26
Q

define catastrophism

A
  • destruction of species and subsequent invasion
  • changes to the earth are a result of sudden violent and unusual events
27
Q

What were Lyell’s contributions?

A

Uniformitarianism

28
Q

what is uniformitarianism?

A
  • geological processes remain unchanged in time b/c so slow
29
Q

when was darwins voyage and what was it called?

A

voyage of the beagle
1831-1836

30
Q

what did wallace do?

A
  • Father of biogeography
  • proposed theory of natural selection but always gave credit to darwin
31
Q

Darwin and Wallace joined papers in what year?

A

1858

32
Q

Darwins book was published in what year?

A

1859

33
Q

what is biogeography?

A

studies the present and past distribution patterns of biological diversity and their underlying environmental and historical causes.
- the distribution of things around the world

34
Q

What is the name of Darwins book?

A

on the origin of species by means of natural selection

35
Q

there is always pressure on ___________ when it comes to _________. Explain.

A

a population when it comes to its resources
- populations will always remain within a limit
- high mortality rates before reproduction
- reproduce at rates lower than max.

36
Q

Individuals __________ within populations

A

vary

37
Q

What were Darwin’s Main Observations? (4)

A
  • Populations have a high capacity to grow - within a limit
  • individuals vary within a pop
  • reproductive success varies among individuals
  • some traits are inherited and passed on
38
Q

Natural selection is a mechanism ____________ occurs

A

through which evolution

39
Q

define natural selection

A

-differential reproductive success among individuals due to the interaction with environment
- mechanism that allows populations to respond to the environment by refining adaptive traits to meet challenges of environment

40
Q

evolutionary change needs ________

A

genetic/heritable variation

41
Q

Individuals are subject to _________ but populations ___________

A

natural selection
evolve

42
Q

evolution happens at the ________ level

A

population

43
Q

What are the three modes of selection?

A
  • directional
  • stabilizing
  • disruptive
44
Q

explain disruptive selection

A
  • mean values selected against (extremes favored)
  • results in two distinct groups
45
Q

explain stabilizing selection

A
  • ## both extremes selected against - pop stabilizes at a certain mean value - in the middle
46
Q

explain directional selection

A
  • one extreme is selected against/ one extreme survives better or reproduced more than the others - shifts to right or left
47
Q

give an example for each of the modes of selection

A

directional - finches beaks - depending on the food source
stabilizing - birth size
disruptive/diversifying - black bellied finches

48
Q

disruptive selection is also known as…

A

diversifying

49
Q

Not all adaptation is___________

A

adaptive

Biology 108 (13 decks)

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