Topic 8 π« Flashcards
Formula for aerobic respiration
Glucose + oxygen βββ-> energy + carbon dioxide + water
Which substances are exchanged by diffusion in the alveoli
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
What 3 factors affect the rate of exchange of substances in the lungs
Surface area
Diffusion distance
Concentration gradient
What adaptations does a capillary have to ensure quick diffusion
Walls only one cell thick so particles donβt have far to diffuse
Large surface area so there is room for particles to diffuse
Name the 4 substances in the blood
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
What are the two types of white blood cell
Lymphocytes and phagocytes
What does plasma do
Liquid which carries dissolved substances (glucose co2 and urea) around the body
What is the function of a red blood cell
Carry oxygen
What is the function of the white blood cell
Fight disease
What is the function of platelets
Helps the blood to clot
What are the three main types of blood vessels in the circulatory system
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
What do arteries do?
Carry blood AWAY from the heart
What do veins do
Carry blood BACK to the heart
What do capillaries do?
Carries blood through organs and tissues
What ADAPTATIONS do the ARTERIES have TO COPE WITH HIGH PRESSURE
Thick elastic muscular walls stretch as blood arrives from heart
The relaxation of the muscle helps to reduce variation in blood pressure and make blood flow smoothly
What adaptations do the veins have
Width allows blood to flow more easily back to the heartοΏΌ
Valves stop the back flow of blood when muscles contract
Why is the circulatory system called the βdouble circulatory system
Heart has 2 pumps
What does the left side of the heart do
Pumps the oxygenated blood brought back from the lungs around the body
What does the right hand side of the heart do
Pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs to collect oxygen
Which side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall and why
Left because it has to pump the blood all around the body
What do the tendons do
Stop the valves turning inside out
What causes each heartbeat
Contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle controlled by impulses from the nervous system
What is heart rate
The number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm)
What is stroke volume
The volume of blood pushed into the aorta in each beat (litres)
What is cardiac output
The volume of blood pushed through the aorta in each minute
Cardiac output =
Stroke volume x heart rate
What is the correlation between fitness levels and cardiac output
Regular EXERCISE INCREASES the STRENGTH of the HEART muscle and VENTRICLE SIZE
FITTER PEOPLE often have a BIGGER STROKE VOLUMES and their HEARTS can BEAT SLOWER to achieve the SAME CARDIAC OUTPUT as a less fit personοΏΌ
Rate of diffusion =
Surface area x concentration difference
ββββββββββββββββββ-
thickness of membrane
Explain how the heart causes blood to flow to the lungs
Right atrium β- right ventricle β- muscle contracts β- blood moves into pulmonary artery
Are concentration gradient and rate of diffusion directly or inversely proportional?
Directly proportional
Are surface area and rate of diffusion directly or inversely proportional?
Directly proportional
Are thickness of membrane and rate of diffusion directly or inversely proportional?
Inversely
How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange
Large surface area (more diffusion of oxygen into blood and co2 out of blood)
One cell thick (diffusion distance is small)
Good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
Word equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose β-> lactic acid
Why does the amount of lactic acid in the body decrease after exercise
Lactic acid is poisonous so must be removed by liver
Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic :
requires oxygen
releases more energy from glucose
Takes place during low intensity exercise
Where does aerobic respiration occur
Mitochondria
Where does anaerobic respiration occur
Cytoplasm
What is a possible problem that could occur when undergoing a kidney transplant and how is it solved?
Antigens on transplanted kidney are difference to the antigens in the cells of the patients body therefore β¦
Antigens on transplanted kidney and patients tissue must be as similar type as possible AND patient must take life drugs to reduce the effects of the immune system as patients could get more infections than usual
What does the AORTA carry?
Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
What does the VENA CAVA carry?
Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart
What does a build up of lactic acid cause
Cramp or fatigue
How is lactic acid removed
It is taken to the LIVER and eitherβ¦
oxidised to form carbon dioxide and water OR
converted to glucose, then glycogen - glycogen levels in the liver and muscles can then be restored
What is oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen required to remove the lactic acid, and replace the bodyβs reserves of oxygen after intense excercise
Describe movement of gases in the alveoli
Blood low in oxygen & high in CO2 enters
CO2 diffuses from blood to be exhaled
Oxygen diffuses into the blood
Blood low in CO2 & high in oxygen leaves
Why does breathing depth and rate increase during exercise
Cells need more oxygen and glucose for energy
Cells produce more co2 as a result and it needs to be removed
