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Biology GCSE > Topic 8 🫀 > Flashcards

Topic 8 🫀 Flashcards

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1
Q

Formula for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen ———-> energy + carbon dioxide + water

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2
Q

Which substances are exchanged by diffusion in the alveoli

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What 3 factors affect the rate of exchange of substances in the lungs

A

Surface area
Diffusion distance
Concentration gradient

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4
Q

What adaptations does a capillary have to ensure quick diffusion

A

Walls only one cell thick so particles don’t have far to diffuse
Large surface area so there is room for particles to diffuse

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5
Q

Name the 4 substances in the blood

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

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6
Q

What are the two types of white blood cell

A

Lymphocytes and phagocytes

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7
Q

What does plasma do

A

Liquid which carries dissolved substances (glucose co2 and urea) around the body

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8
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell

A

Carry oxygen

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9
Q

What is the function of the white blood cell

A

Fight disease

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10
Q

What is the function of platelets

A

Helps the blood to clot

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11
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels in the circulatory system

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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12
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood AWAY from the heart

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13
Q

What do veins do

A

Carry blood BACK to the heart

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14
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Carries blood through organs and tissues

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15
Q

What ADAPTATIONS do the ARTERIES have TO COPE WITH HIGH PRESSURE

A

Thick elastic muscular walls stretch as blood arrives from heart
The relaxation of the muscle helps to reduce variation in blood pressure and make blood flow smoothly

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16
Q

What adaptations do the veins have

A

Width allows blood to flow more easily back to the heart
Valves stop the back flow of blood when muscles contract

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17
Q

Why is the circulatory system called the ‘double circulatory system

A

Heart has 2 pumps

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18
Q

What does the left side of the heart do

A

Pumps the oxygenated blood brought back from the lungs around the body

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19
Q

What does the right hand side of the heart do

A

Pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs to collect oxygen

20
Q

Which side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall and why

A

Left because it has to pump the blood all around the body

21
Q

What do the tendons do

A

Stop the valves turning inside out

22
Q

What causes each heartbeat

A

Contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle controlled by impulses from the nervous system

23
Q

What is heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm)

24
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta in each beat (litres)

25
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pushed through the aorta in each minute

26
Q

Cardiac output =

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

27
Q

What is the correlation between fitness levels and cardiac output

A

Regular EXERCISE INCREASES the STRENGTH of the HEART muscle and VENTRICLE SIZE
FITTER PEOPLE often have a BIGGER STROKE VOLUMES and their HEARTS can BEAT SLOWER to achieve the SAME CARDIAC OUTPUT as a less fit person

28
Q

Rate of diffusion =

A

Surface area x concentration difference
——————————————————-
thickness of membrane

29
Q

Explain how the heart causes blood to flow to the lungs

A

Right atrium —- right ventricle —- muscle contracts —- blood moves into pulmonary artery

30
Q

Are concentration gradient and rate of diffusion directly or inversely proportional?

A

Directly proportional

31
Q

Are surface area and rate of diffusion directly or inversely proportional?

A

Directly proportional

32
Q

Are thickness of membrane and rate of diffusion directly or inversely proportional?

A

Inversely

33
Q

How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange

A

Large surface area (more diffusion of oxygen into blood and co2 out of blood)
One cell thick (diffusion distance is small)
Good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient

34
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose —-> lactic acid

35
Q

Why does the amount of lactic acid in the body decrease after exercise

A

Lactic acid is poisonous so must be removed by liver

36
Q

Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic :
requires oxygen
releases more energy from glucose
Takes place during low intensity exercise

37
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur

A

Mitochondria

38
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur

A

Cytoplasm

39
Q

What is a possible problem that could occur when undergoing a kidney transplant and how is it solved?

A

Antigens on transplanted kidney are difference to the antigens in the cells of the patients body therefore …
Antigens on transplanted kidney and patients tissue must be as similar type as possible AND patient must take life drugs to reduce the effects of the immune system as patients could get more infections than usual

40
Q

What does the AORTA carry?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

41
Q

What does the VENA CAVA carry?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart

42
Q

What does a build up of lactic acid cause

A

Cramp or fatigue

43
Q

How is lactic acid removed

A

It is taken to the LIVER and either…
oxidised to form carbon dioxide and water OR
converted to glucose, then glycogen - glycogen levels in the liver and muscles can then be restored

44
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen required to remove the lactic acid, and replace the body’s reserves of oxygen after intense excercise

45
Q

Describe movement of gases in the alveoli

A

Blood low in oxygen & high in CO2 enters
CO2 diffuses from blood to be exhaled
Oxygen diffuses into the blood
Blood low in CO2 & high in oxygen leaves

46
Q

Why does breathing depth and rate increase during exercise

A

Cells need more oxygen and glucose for energy
Cells produce more co2 as a result and it needs to be removed

Biology GCSE (17 decks)

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