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Biology GCSE > Plants 🌱 > Flashcards

Plants 🌱 Flashcards

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1
Q

Word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water ————> glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

Symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO_2 + 6H_2O ————> C_6H_12O_6 + 6O_2

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3
Q

What is the glucose produced in photosynthesis used for

A

To make starch

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4
Q

What happens when photosynthesis stops

A

Starch is broken down into simpler substances which are moved into the cytoplasm and used to make SUCROSE

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5
Q

What is sucrose used to make

A

Starch
Other molecules for the plant (eg. Cellulose lipids or proteins)
glucose for respiration (to release energy)

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6
Q

Is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic

A

Endothermic

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7
Q

What are the 4 key features in the structure of a leaf

A

Wide and flat
Lots of veins
Stomata on the underside
Thin

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8
Q

How does leaves being adapted to be THIN help the plant

A

Gases can reach cells easily

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9
Q

How does leaves being adapted to have STOMATA on the underside help the plant

A

Allows gas exchange 

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10
Q

How does leaves being adapted to be WIDE AND FLAT help the plant

A

Large surface area and absorbs as much light as possible

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11
Q

How does leaves being adapted to have many VIENS help the plant

A

Carry water to the cells and carry glucose away

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12
Q

What is the waxy cuticle

A

The covering on plant leaves to help to plant retain water (water proof)

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13
Q

What is the epidermis

A

Provides a protective layer against injury water loss & infection
Also thin & transparent to allow light to enter

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14
Q

What is the Palaside layer

A

Tightly packed layer of cells beneath the cuticle and upper epidermis
Contains the majority of chloroplasts which use chlorophyll to perform photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is the spongy Mesophyll

A

They are covered by a thin layer of water.
Gases dissolve in this water as they move in and out of cells

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16
Q

What is the vascular bundle

A

Network of veins (xylem and phloem) which support the structure of the leaf and transport substances to and from the cells

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17
Q

What are the stomata and guard cells

A

Stomata are pores in the epidermis that function as gateways linking internal and external gases. Guard cells control wether the stomata are opened or closed

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18
Q

What happens to guard cells in the daytime

A

Stomata are open to enable gas exchange as the guard cells have taken in water by osmosis and are TURGID

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19
Q

What happens to the guard cells at night

A

Stomata are closed to prevent water loss. This is because the guard cells have lost water by osmosis and are FLACCID

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20
Q

How does increasing light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

It increases the rate of photosynthesis until a limiting factor becomes short in supply

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21
Q

How does the amount of CO2 concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

If the rate of CO2 increases the rate of photosynthesis will also increase

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22
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

Chemical reactions involved in photosynthesis are controlled by enzymes.
As the temperature increases collisions between enzyme and a substrate increase and therefore so does the rate of photosynthesis.
At high temperatures enzymes become DENATURED and this will decrease the rate of photosynthesis

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23
Q

Light intensity is measured as 600 Lux at a distance of 20 cm from a lamp
Calculate the light intensity at a point 40cm away from the lamp

A

So you are doubling (x2) the distance…
Therefore the light intensity is 1/4 (1/2^2) the original
New light intensity = 600÷4 = 150 lux

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24
Q

What is the function of the xylem vessel

A

Carries water and minerals

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25
Q

What is the function of the phloem vessel

A

Carries dissolved sugars

26
Q

Describe the structure of a xylem vessel

A

Hollow tubes

27
Q

Describe the structure of a phloem vessel

A

Tubes have sieve plates

28
Q

Is a xylem vessel dead or alive

A

Dead

29
Q

Is a phloem vessel dead or alive

A

Alive

30
Q

How is the xylem vessel supported

A

Thickened with cellulose and lignin

31
Q

How is a phloem vessel supported

A

Companion cells provide energy for active transport

32
Q

Define translocation

A

Movement of dissolved sugars UP & DOWN the plant through PHLOEM

33
Q

Define transpiration

A

Movement of water UP the XYLEM vessel

34
Q

List the steps in transpiration

A

Water in soil ——->root hair cells ——->xylem ——->leaf veins ——->stomata
by osmosis. by osmosis. by evaporation

35
Q

What is controlled by hormones in plants

A

Growth- roots & shoots, seed germination, leaf fall, disease resistance, fruit formation & ripening, flowering time and bud formation

36
Q

What is a tropism

A

How plants respond to their environment

37
Q

What is positive phototropism

A

The plant grows towards the light
this happens at the shoot tip

38
Q

What is negative phototropism 

A

Where the plant grows away from the light
this happens at the roots

39
Q

What is plant growth called when gravity is the stimulus

A

Gravitropism or geotropism

40
Q

What is plant growth called when light is the stimulus

A

Phototropism

41
Q

What is positive gravitropism

A

Where the plant grows in the direction of gravity
this happens at the roots

42
Q

What is negative gravitropism

A

Where the plant grows opposing gravity
this happens at the shoot tips

43
Q

What are auxins

A

One of the hormones used by plants for growth and are produced in the shoot tip

44
Q

How do auxins effect the roots and shoots of the plant

A

In the shoots ANY concentration promotes growth
At the root high concentration inhibits growth, small concentration promotes growth

45
Q

What are gibberellins

A

Plant hormones which are naturally released inside the seed to start germination

46
Q

What do Gibberellins do

A

Flower growers can override photoperiodism.
They do this by spraying the plants with gibberellins

47
Q

What is photoperiodism 

A

Response of an organism to the number of daylight hours
Some plants use this to flower at a certain time eg. When pollinators are not around

48
Q

How are gibberellins useful to us

A

Can cause some plants to produce seedless fruits
They can also be sprayed on some plants to make them produce bigger fruits

49
Q

What are minerals used for in plants

A

To build the complex molecules they need from minerals

50
Q

What are minerals used for in animals

A

Need very few minerals

51
Q

How are minerals absorbed

A

The concentration of minerals in the soil is very low.
They dissolve in water and move around the soil in solution

52
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to absorb water

A

Osmosis- they have a large surface area thin walls and are close to the xylem cells for transporting water up the plant

53
Q

What is transpiration

A

The movement of water through and out of a plant

54
Q

What is the transpiration rate

A

The rate at which water escapes through the plant

55
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration rate

A

The warmer it is the faster the water evaporates from the leaves

56
Q

How does humidity affect the transpiration rate

A

The lower the humidity the faster the water evaporates

57
Q

How does wind speed affect the rate of transpiration

A

The windier it is the faster moist air is taken away from the leaf surface

58
Q

How does light intensity affect the transpiration rate

A

Transpiration is faster when the stomata are open in the light

59
Q

What adaptations do desert plants have to survive extreme conditions

A

Thick waxy cuticle - less water loss by evaporation
Small leaves - reduced surface area for water loss
Spines - reduced surface area / deters animals from eating for water
Fleshy/swollen stem - collects and stores water

60
Q

What are auxins used for commercially

A

Rooting powders and weed killing

Biology GCSE (17 decks)

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