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Biology GCSE > DNA 🧬 > Flashcards

DNA 🧬 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is dna

A

DNA is made up of two strands of nucleotides joined together by bases.
When this structure is twisted it forms a double helix

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2
Q

What are the names of the four bases

A

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

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3
Q

Which pairs of bases always pair up together

A

A - T
C - G

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4
Q

What is the way of pairing up the bases known as

A

Complimentary base pairing

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5
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between cytosine and guanine

A

3

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6
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between adenine and thymine

A

2

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7
Q

What is hydrogen bonding

A

Parts of the dna bases gave a slight electrical charge
A positive part of one base attracts to a negative part of another
This forms a weak force of attraction called a hydrogen bond

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8
Q

What are the small units that make up dna called

A

Nucleotides which are joined up together to form a polymer

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9
Q

What is a nucleotide made up from

A

A base, a deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group

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10
Q

What are the 2 stages in which dna stores the genetic code for building proteins

A

Transcription and translation

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11
Q

What does RNA stand for

A

Ribonucleic acid

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12
Q

What is RNA

A

A single strand of the dna

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13
Q

What happens in transcription

A

The dna bases are used to make a strand of RNA, occurs in the nucleus

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14
Q

What is RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that unzips the dna

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15
Q

What is the non coding binding site

A

An area that does not contain code for protein

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16
Q

What is a template strand of dna

A

Free RNA nucleotides bind to this dna strand

17
Q

What is a non template strand of dna

A

Codes for the template strand of dna

18
Q

What is mRNA (messenger rna)

A

A form of RNA inside the ribosomes

19
Q

What happens in translation

A

mRNA travels out of the nucleus through nuclear pores and into the cytoplasm where it attaches to ribosomes

20
Q

What is a codon

A

A triplet of bases that code for amino acids

21
Q

What is tRNA (transfer RNA)

A

A form of RNA that carries specific amino acids

22
Q

What is a polypetide

A

A chain of amino acids which then folds up to form a protein

23
Q

What is the sequence for DNA protein synthesis

A

DNA-transcription-mRNA-translation-amino acid chain

24
Q

How can DNA be extracted from fruit

A

Mash up a kiwi fruit
Mix with a teaspoon of salt and small volume of washing up liquid
Gently heat at about 60° for five mins
Filter retaining only thr filtrate
Cool in ice bath and pour ethanol on top

25
Q

Why was the 3 domain classification proposed instead of the 5 kingdoms

A

Based on fundamental differences in DNA rather than characteristics

26
Q

What is tissue culture

A

A way of cloning plants

27
Q

Method for tissue culture

A

Tissue sample from parent plant is placed in agar growth medium containing nutrients and auxins
Samples develop into tiny plantlets
Plantlets planted into compost

Biology GCSE (17 decks)

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