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Biology GCSE > Evolution & Genetic Modification 🧿 > Flashcards

Evolution & Genetic Modification 🧿 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is evolution

A

The gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time

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2
Q

State the definition of a fossil

A

The remains of an organism from thousands or millions of years ago which are found in rocks

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3
Q

Name two ways in which remains of dead animals and plants can be preserved

A

In tree sap (hardened clear material called amber)
In ice


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4
Q

How can the fossils rise from deep in the earths crust

A

(Tectonic movement)
Earthquakes
Formation of mountains

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5
Q

What was Dawin’s theory

A

Organisms that are best for adapted for their environment will reproduce and pass on the AQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS

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6
Q

Name four key points about natural selection

A

Individuals within a species show variation
Individuals within a species compete for resources
Only the individual best adapted to the environment will survive
Only the survivors will pass on their genes

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7
Q

What is classification?

A

The grouping of organisms based on similarities of features

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8
Q

What is artificial classification?

A

Based on observable features e.g. beak shape, flower colour, number of legs

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9
Q

What is natural classification

A

Based on evolutionary links i.e. do they have a common ancestor?

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10
Q

Name the five kingdoms

A

Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protists
Prokaryotes

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11
Q

What are the three domains created by Carl Woose in 1990

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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12
Q

What is one unit of classification known as

A

Taxon

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13
Q

List each unit of classification

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus (italics)
species (italics)

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14
Q

What is a species

A

A group of similar organisms able to reproduce and produce FERTILE OFFSPRING

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15
Q

Who invented classification systems

A

Carl Linnaeus 250 years ago

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16
Q

What are the main characteristics of the kingdom of animals

A

Eukaryotic
multi cellular
no cell walls
must eat other organisms to obtain energy

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17
Q

What are the main characteristics of the plants kingdom

A

Eukaryotic
multi cellular
makes its own food
cellulose cell walls

18
Q

What are the main characteristics of the kingdom of fungi

A

Eukaryotic
multi cellular
live in dead organic matter which they feed on to obtain energy
chitin cell walls

19
Q

What are the main characteristics of the Protists kingdom

A

Eukaryotic
mostly unicellular
some have cell walls

20
Q

What are the main characteristics of the prokaryotes kingdom

A

Unicellular
prokaryotic
flexible cell walls
no membrane-bound organelles eg. mitochondria & nucleus

21
Q

What is artificial selection

A

When humans choose certain organisms because they have useful characteristics

22
Q

What is selective breeding

A

Breeding the animals with the desired feature together to ensure offspring have the desired feature

23
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

Involves changing the DNA of one organism (it’s GENOME) often by inserting genes from another.
This creates genetically modified organisms

24
Q

What is golden rice

A

It is a GMO
2 genes are inserted into its genome (1 from a daffodil, 1 from a bacterium)
Allow rice to produce betacarotene which allows humans to produce vitamin A which helps prevent blindness

25
Q

What are the benefits of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

A

Can make organisms resistant to disease
GM sheep and goats that produce protein in their milk to treat diseases
GM bacteria to make medicine and antibiotics
GM pigs are being developed of human like organs for transplants

26
Q

What are some issues of genetic engineering

A

Seeds for GM crops are expensive
potential reproduction with wild plant varieties-can pass on resistant genes which may have unknown consequences
health issues eating GM crops

27
Q

What is a plasmid

A

A plasmid is a double-stranded loop of DNA typically found in bacteria

28
Q

How do we genetically engineer bacteria

A
  1. Restriction enzymes make staggered cuts in DNA molecules producing sections with a few unpaired bases at each end (STICKY ENDS) 
  2. Restriction enzymes also cut plasmids open. By using the same restriction enzyme as was used on the human chromosome the cut plasmids have the same sticky ends
  3. A COMPLEMENTARY BASES on the sticky ends pair up and an enzyme called LIGASE is used to join the ends together
  4. The plasmids are then inserted back into the bacteria which are then grown in huge tanks. The insulin they now make can easily be extracted
29
Q

What is a vector

A

Any DNA molecule used to carry new dna into another cell

30
Q

How can insect pests be controlled

A

Insecticides

31
Q

What is an alternative to pesticides

A

Biological control

32
Q

What is biological control

A

Use of organisms to control pests

33
Q

List advantages of GM crops

A

Only affects insects that eat the plant
Many different strains of Bt which produce slightly different forms of the toxin
Farmers make more profit grow in GM varieties
No evidence for health issues

34
Q

List some disadvantages of GM crops

A

Some insect pests suck sap from the plant and don’t chew it so don’t eat the toxin 
Insects may develop resistance to the toxin so additional insecticides may be needed
GM crops seeds are more expensive than normal seeds
Rumours is associated with health issues

35
Q

What are some of the issues with fertilisers

A

If not all fertiliser is absorbed by the crop it can get into nearby rivers and lakes which causes pollution and leads to death of organisms living in the water
It can also cause health problems for humans and animals that drink the water

36
Q

What are fertilisers?

A

Contains mineral irons such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus.
Plants absorb through these from the soil once the fertiliser has been added to make healthy new cells

37
Q

Describe evidence for human evolution

A

Stone tools: began with simple hand axes, now arrowheads
Many vertebrates including humans have the pentadactyl limb- suggest we have a common ancestor
Ardi & Lucy: female human-like fossilised skeleton dating from 4.4 million years ago (Ardi) and 3.2 million years ago (Lucy)
Ardi’s feet suggest humans and chimpanzees have evolved separately
Lucy’s bones suggest that she walked in an upright position like a human but possessed a relatively small ape-like skull

38
Q

How has DNA analysis helped the process of classification

A

Classification was originally based on the way different species looked…
DNA analysis involves mapping the gene names of organisms…
This is the sequence of DNA base pairs that make up an organism…
comparisons between genomes of organisms in different species lets scientists see how close they are genetically…
which is a more accurate way of classifying organisms than the way they look

39
Q

Name an example of biological control

A

A farmer releasing chickens into the crop so they can eat the caterpillars

40
Q

What is a clone

A

A genetically identical copy of an organism

Biology GCSE (17 decks)

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