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Biology GCSE > Animal coordination, control and homeostasis 🐾 > Flashcards

Animal coordination, control and homeostasis 🐾 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are hormones produced

A

In the endocrine gland

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2
Q

Describe the endocrine glands communicate with organs around the body

A

The endocrine glands release chemicals called hormones into the blood which carries them around the body to the target organs

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3
Q

What hormone does the adrenal gland release

A

Adrenaline

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4
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland produce

A

Thyroxine

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5
Q

Which hormones does the pituitary gland produce

A

ACTH
FSH
LH
growth hormone

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6
Q

What do we mean by metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions that occur in the body

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7
Q

State the three conditions are required to measure resting metabolic rate

A

Warm room
gap in time since eating
no movement

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8
Q

How does thyroxine (produced in the thyroid gland) affect the metabolic rate as an example of negative feedback

A

Causes heart cells to contract more strongly and rapidly
Increases the rate at which proteins and carbohydrates are broken down inside cells

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9
Q

Recall the steps in how thyroxine controls the metabolic rate

A

low levels of thyroxine stimulates production of TRH in hypothalamus
this causes release of TSH from the pituitary gland
TSH acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine
when thyroxine levels are normal thyroxine inhibits the release of TRH and the production of TSH

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10
Q

Define the term negative feedback

A

A control mechanism that reacts to a change in conditions, such as temperature, by trying to bring the condition back to a normal level

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11
Q

Explain how adrenaline (produced in the adrenal glands) prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’

A

increases heart rate
increases blood pressure
increases blood flow to the muscles
raises blood sugar levels (muscles have energy to contract)

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12
Q

How does the body cause an increased heart rate and blood pressure (ADRENALINE)

A

Heart muscle cells contract
more rapidly (heart rate)
and more strongly (blood pressure)

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13
Q

How does the body create an increased blood flow to muscles (ADRENALINE)

A

Diameter of blood vessels LEADING TO MUSCLES widens
and Diameter of blood vessels LEADING TO OTHER ORGANS narrows eg. Digestive system

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14
Q

How does the body increase blood sugar concentration (ADRENALINE)

A

Stimulates liver cells to change glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood

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15
Q

Explain how an increase in adrenaline prepares the body for a sudden burst of activity

A

Insures the muscles have a good supply of oxygen and glucose for aerobic respiration which enables contraction of muscles for fight/flight response

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16
Q

What is ovulation

A

When an egg is released from an ovary

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17
Q

What is fertilisation

A

When a sperm cell fuses with an egg

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18
Q

What is menstruation

A

When the unfertilised egg and part of the uterus lining a shed from the body

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19
Q

What time period in menstruation is fertilisation most likely to occur

A

days 14-25

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20
Q

What is the function of the menstrual cycle

A

To allow a woman to be fertile

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21
Q

When does ovulation occur

A

Day 14

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22
Q

What are the 4 key hormones involved in regulating the menstrual cycle

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone
LH
FSH

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23
Q

Which gland releases FSH and LH

A

Pituitary gland

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24
Q

What’s are oestrogen and progesterone released by

A

Ovaries

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25
Q

What is the function of the FSH hormone

A

Causes the maturation of an egg follicle before ovulation

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26
Q

What is the function of the LH hormone

A

Stimulates the release of the egg

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27
Q

What is the function of the oestrogen hormone

A

Repairing/thickening the uterus lining 

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28
Q

What is the function of the progesterone hormone

A

Maintains the uterus lining

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29
Q

Recall the steps of a sperms journey

A

Sperm duct ——> penis ——> vagina ——> cervix ——->uterus ——-> oviduct

30
Q

What is the difference between conception and contraception

A

Conception = getting pregnant
Contraception = prevention of fertilisation

31
Q

Define IVF (in vitro fertilisation)

A

Fertilisation in the laboratory outside the mothers body

32
Q

What happens in IVF (common 6 mark question)

A

Before IVF the woman is given hormones to encourage her ovaries to release eggs.
The eggs are harvested and a sperm sample is provided.
The sperm is used to fertilise the eggs in a Petri dish.
The fertilised eggs are left to develop into embryos.
When they are at the 8 cell stage, viable embryos are implanted into the woman’s uterus (mother / surrogate)
This can result in multiple pregnancies
Spare embryos can be frozen for future events, donated to other couples or sometimes they are destroyed (this is decided by the biological parents)


33
Q

What organs are involved in regulating blood glucose

A

Brain
Pancreas
Liver

34
Q

Explain the steps made to regulate blood glucose if it is HIGH

A

Brain detects high level of blood glucose
Pancreas is stimulated to produce insulin
Insulin allows glucose to enter the cells of the body (out of the blood)
Also stimulates the liver to turn glucose into glycogen where it can be stored
Blood glucose level decreases so pancreas stops producing more insulin

35
Q

Explain the steps made to regulate blood sugar when it is LOW

A

Brain detects low level of blood glucose
Pancreas is stimulated to produce glucagon
Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose and release this back into the bloodstream
Blood glucose level returns to normal causing pancreas to stop producing glucagon

36
Q

What is diabetes associated with

A

Not being able to control blood glucose levels

37
Q

Describe type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreas cells cannot produce insulin because they have been destroyed by the immune system.
Therefore blood glucose level increases & can be found in the urine
They must inject themselves with insulin before eating to convert glucose to glycogen

38
Q

Describe type 2 diabetes

A

Caused by either :
insulin releasing cells not producing enough insulin OR target organs not responding properly to the hormone
For some change in diet/more exercise may help but others will require medicine

39
Q

BMI =

A

Mass divided by height^2

40
Q

What is the test for diabetes involving urine samples

A

Benedicks solution added to urine solution
heat in hot water bath for five minutes
Colour change from blue to brick red = diabetic
Colour change from blue to yellow/ green = mildly diabetic
No colour change = non diabetic


41
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Controlling conditions in the body

42
Q

What is the responses does the body have when temperatures are TOO COLD

A

SHIVERING
HAIRS STAND UP
VASOCONSTRICTION
SUBCUTANEOUS FAT

43
Q

What responses does the body have when temperatures are TOO HOT 

A

SWEATING
VASODILATION 

44
Q

Why does SHIVERING help the body to keep warm

A

Releases heat from respiration

45
Q

Why does SUBCUTANEOUS FAT keep us warm

A

Insulates

46
Q

Why does HAIRS STANDING ON END keep us warm

A

Traps an insulatory layer of air around the body

47
Q

How does VASOCONSTRICTION keep us warm

A

Blood vessels get thinner reducing blood flow near to the skin surface

48
Q

How does SWEATING keep us cool

A

Evaporation of the sweat on the skin surface takes heat away from the blood causing it to cool

49
Q

How does VASODILATION keep us cool

A

Blood vessels get wider increasing blood flow near to the skin surface

50
Q

What is the function of the urinary system

A

To remove excess amounts of substances from the blood including water, mineral salts and waste products such as urea

51
Q

What is Osmoregulation

A

The control of water and salt levels in the body

52
Q

What is urea

A

If you eat too much protein it is broken down into amino acids
These amino acids are broken down by the liver and make urea.
Urea is poisonous so must be removed

53
Q

What are the 2 processes that occur in the nephron

A

Filtration
Selective reabsorption

54
Q

Does the renal artery carry blood to the heart or away from the heart

A

AWAY from the heart
Renal vein carries it BACK

55
Q

What is the process of filtration in the nephron

A

Blood flows through the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule (network of capillaries)
Allows small molecules such as water, urea and glucose through
large molecules such as proteins stay in the blood

56
Q

Where does most of the water reabsorption occur

A

The Loop of Henle and the collecting duct

57
Q

What useful substances are selectively reabsorbed (kidneys)

A

Glucose and some mineral ions

58
Q

What happens at the end of the nephron (kidneys)

A

Remaining fluid (excess water, urea and other substances) flow into the ureter where it is stored in the bladder up until you urinate through the urethra

59
Q

What are the adaptations of the nephron

A

Large surface area of contact between the nephron and the capillaries
Cell membrane of first convoluted tubule has MICROVILLI (increase sa:volume ratio)
Cells that have PROTEIN PUMPS in their cell membranes contain many MITOCHONDRIA

60
Q

What is the role of ADH

A

Increases the permeability of the cell membranes in the collecting duct of the nephron so more water is reabsorbed from urine by osmosis

61
Q

What happens when the brain detects a low level of water in the blood

A

Stimulates pituitary gland to produce more ADH
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct
More water is reabsorbed from the tubule to the blood
Small volume of concentrated urine is produced

62
Q

How can alcohol and caffeine affect the production of urine

A

They are both DIURETICS meaning they make you URINATE MORE

63
Q

Name 2 treatments for kidney failure

A

Kidney dialysis and organ donation

64
Q

Describe the pathway of blood through the kidney

A

Enters through renal artery —— glomerulus —— capillaries surrounding 1st convulated tubule —— loop of henle —- out through renal vein

65
Q

What do high levels of oestrogen stimulate ?

A

Release of LH

66
Q

What does low levels of progesterone stimulate?

A

Release of FSH

67
Q

What effect does increasing progesterone levels have on the body ?

A

Inhibits release of FSH and LH

68
Q

What effect does clomifene have on the body

A

Increases FSH and LH levels in the blood (increases fertility)

69
Q

What are the differences between hormonal and barrier contraceptive methods

A

Hormonal contraceptives are MORE EFFECTIVE however they do NOT PROTECT AGAINST STI’S whereas barrier methods do

70
Q

What problems can IVF overcome

A

Blocked oviducts
If a man produces very few healthy sperm

Biology GCSE (17 decks)

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