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Anatomy > Topic 7 -Histology (Tissues) > Flashcards

Topic 7 -Histology (Tissues) Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology

A

The study of tissues

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2
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function

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3
Q

What are the four major types of tissues

A

Epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

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4
Q

What are Cell connections

Where are they seen

How are they formed

A

Points of contact between adjacent cells

Seen in epithelial tissue, some nervous tissue and muscle cells

formed by cell membrane proteins

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5
Q

Three examples of cell junctions

A

Tight junctions

anchoring junctions

gap junctions

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6
Q

Tight junctions

A

a partial fusion of specific proteins on the lateral surface of the cell membrane

Form a Ring-like tight seal

Prevent material from passing between cells ex. Bacteria, proteins or fluid/ions

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7
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

Proteins that fasten cells to each other and/or to extracellular material (rivets cells together)

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8
Q

Gap junctions

A

Open channels(formed of proteins) through the adjacent cell membranes interconnecting the cytosols of the cells

Allow passage of ions in small molecules from one cell to the other

Tissues can then work as a unit (cardiac and smooth muscle) also found in epithelial

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9
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers body surface (skin)

Lines body and organ cavities

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10
Q

Organ cavity is known as

A

Lumen

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11
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

what is the basement membrane

A

Has one free surface

little extracellular space between the cells

avascular no blood vessels

basement membrane: extracellular layer -attaches epithelium to underlying connective tissue layer formed by both tissues (Velcro)

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12
Q

Classification of epithelium

A

Most subtypes are classified and named according to(except glandular):

number of cell layers sitting on the basement membrane:
One layer: simple
Multiple: stratified

shape of the cells in the apical layer (the layer touching the free surface)
Flattened: squamous
Cube/round: cuboidal
Taller than wide: columnar

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13
Q

Five types of epithelium

A

Simple epithelia

stratified epithelium

pseudostratified epithelium

transitional epithelium

glandular epithelium

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14
Q

Simple epithelia

A

One layer

allows for exchange of molecules, absorption/secretion

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15
Q

Subtypes of simple epithelia

A

Simple squamous: one layer of squished flat cells example lungs for exchange of gases

Simple cuboidal: one layer of cube shaped cells ex kidneys

Simple columnar: One layer of column shaped tall and thin cells ex stomach and small intestines

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16
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

More than one layer

Protective (areas of abrasion)

17
Q

Subtypes of stratified epithelium

A

Stratified squamous: apical cells squished flat common in skin

Stratified cuboidal: apical cells cube shaped -rare

Stratified columnar: apical cells column shaped tall and thin -rare

18
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Appear stratified (nuclei at different levels) but all cells sit on basement membrane (simple)

Lines most of respiratory tract plus ciliated

19
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Cell shape and layering varies with stretching found only on inner lining of urinary system

cuboidal to squamous when stretched

20
Q

Subtypes of Glandular epithelium

A

Exocrine glands

Endocrine glands

21
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete products onto body surface or into a body cavity

they can be:

Unicellular ex goblet cells

Secrete mucus (into a cavity) in the digestive, urinary, reproductive and respiratory tracts

Multicellular
Consist of secretory and duct cells (ducts connect secretions to surface of cavity
Glands: sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mammary, digestive

22
Q

Endocrine glands

A

No ducts

Secretions released directly into blood

Ex Thyroid gland secrets thyroid hormones

23
Q

What are the functions of epithelia

A

Protection
-Often stratified squamous ex epidermis of skin

secretion
-Glandular epithelium ex thyroid or sweat glands

control of permeability

  • Typically simple epithelium
  • Exchange of material ex kidneys, intestine or capillaries
24
Q

Connective tissue

A

Mainly supports and connects tissues

cells far apart separated by an extracellular matrix

extracellular material, gives CT subtypes they’re identifying characteristics

variable vascularity

25
Q

Cells of CT

A

Cell names ending in:

Blast- create matrix 
Ex osteoblast (bone), chondroblast (cartilage), fibroblast (make connection proper)

Cyte- maintain matrix
Ex osteocyte, chondrocyte, fibrocyte

Clast- break down matrix
Osteoclast

26
Q

Matrix composition

A

Fibres (proteins)

ground substance

27
Q

Fibres (proteins)

A

Collagen fibres for strength

elastic fibres containing elastin allow stretch and recoil

reticular fibres form networks example CT part of basement membrane

28
Q

Ground substance

A

Unstructured material surrounding extracellular fibres and cells

Composed of water and large organic molecules proteoglycans
Ex hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate

29
Q

Classification (mainly by matrix composition)

A

Connective tissue proper

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

30
Q

Connective tissue proper

What are the cells?

What are the types?

A

Cells are fibroblasts/fibrocytes except adipose tissue (adipocytes)

Types loose CT

Dense CT

31
Q

Loose CT (2 types)

A

1) areolar CT
Loosely arranged by collagen and elastic fibres surrounded by ground substance hyaluronic acid
-highly vascular ex Lamina propria

2) adipose
Very little matrix
large adipocytes cells store triglyceride
tissue looks like chicken wire highly vascular

32
Q

Dense CT

A

Many fibres also known as fibrous CT

Little ground substance
poorly vascular

dense regular collagen fibres running in the same direction ex. tendons and ligaments

density irregular collagen fibres arranged irregularly ex dermis of skin

33
Q

Cartilage
what are the cells? Where are they located?

what is in the matrix?

what is the ground substance?

vascular or avascular?

examples

A

Chondrocytes cells located in the Lacunae: cavities in matrix and chondroblasts

Matrix:
Collagen fibres and elastin proteins
Ground substance contains chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid
Water

Avascular- heals slowly
Hyaline cartilage of trachea, ribs and ends of long bones

34
Q

Bone

what is it composed of

what makes up matrix

what makes up ground substance

A

Osteocytes cells in the lacunae, osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Matrix: collagen fibres
Ground substance: hydroxyapatite (inorganic Ca++ and phosphate salts) plus organic components ex proteoglycan
Water
Very vascular

35
Q

Blood

A

Red blood cells and white blood cells

Matrix: Matrix through it contains plasma which contains fibre proteins ground substance and water

36
Q

Muscle tissue

3 subtypes

A

Contractile

Subtypes:

Skeletal (striated)
Cardiac (striated)
Smooth (non-striated)

37
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Cell types:

Neurons -conduct electrical impulses

Glial cells -support and protect neurons

Anatomy (26 decks)

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