Topic 14 -Respiratory system

Question 1

2 subdivisions

Answer 1

Upper respiratory system -nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

lower respiratory system -larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

Question 2

the upper and lower subdivisions are lined with

Answer 2

mucosa (with one exception) -vestibule in nasal cavity lined with coarse hairs

all have epithelial tissues + CT
epithelial tissue for most= ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)
cilia sweep mucus to esophagus where swallowed
connective tissue layer of ALL mucosa =lamina propria

Question 3

Nose
what is it supported by

nostrils=

Answer 3

supported by bone and hyaline cartilage

nostrils=nares

Question 4

Nasal Cavity functions

Answer 4

airway passage (warm and moisten air)
olfaction
speech (resonance chamber)

Question 5

what is the nasal cavity divided by
what is the anterior part made up of?
posterior part?

Answer 5

nasal septum
anterior part=hyaline cartilage
posterior part=vomer, ethmoid, maxillae and palatine bones

Question 6

what are the 3 areas of the nasal cavity

Answer 6

vestibule
respiratory area
olfactory area

Question 7

vestibule

Answer 7

anterior region of nasal cavity

lined by skin with coarse hairs

Question 8

respiratory area of nasal cavity

Answer 8

posterior region
mucosa=ciliated pseudostratified epithelium + CT
conchae protrude from walls
-superior and middle both part of ethmoid
inferior -separate bone
inferior to each concha= a nasal meatus (shallow groove)
-conchae and meatuses cause air turbulence to knock out dust
-lacrimal duct opens into cavity (just below inferior nasal concha)
-tears into nasal cavity

Question 9

olfactory area

Answer 9

sense of smell
roof of cavity
neurons=olfactory receptors

Question 10

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 10

8 air-filled spaces in skull, paired left and right spaces in: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae
opens directly into nasal cavity
function: warm and moisten air, lighten skull

Question 11

what is sinusitis

Answer 11

inflammation of mucous membrane

Question 12

Pharynx (throat)

3 regions

Answer 12

skeletal muscle lined by mucous membrane
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Question 13

nasopharynx

Answer 13

-posterior to nasal cavity
-air passage only
-contains pharyngeal tonsil
-openings: 2 posterior nasal apertures (interior nares)
2 pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes

Question 14

oropharynx

Answer 14

posterior to oral cavity 
passage for air and food 
stratified squamous epithelium (abrasion)
-from soft palate to epiglottis 
contains  palatine and lingual tonsil

Question 15

laryngopharynx

Answer 15

air and food passage
stratified squamous epithelium
from epiglottis to lower opening of larynx

Question 16

Larynx

Answer 16

air passage only
made of 9 cartilages, all hyaline cartilage
vocal cords
glottis

Question 17

9 cartilages of the larynx

Answer 17

3 unpaired cartilages
thyroid cartilage -on anterior wall, Adams apple
cricoid cartilage -forms complete ring
epiglottis -covers glottis during swallowing, elastic cartilage
paired cartilage: arytenoid -attaches vocal cords don’t need to know other two

Question 18

vocal cords (part of larynx)

Answer 18

2 paired folds in the mucosa
vestibular fold -false vocal cords, superior fold
vocal fold =true vocal cords
inferior fold, produce sound by vibration

Question 19

glottis (part of larynx)

Answer 19

true vocal cords plus opening

-closes to prevent food + liquid entering trachea

Question 20

laryngitis

Answer 20

inflammation of larynx

can arise from infection, irritation

Question 21

trachea

Answer 21

connects larynx to main bronchi
anterior to esophagus
cocnsists of 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
open part of C faces esophagus -permits expansion of esophagus

Question 22

Bronchial Tree

Answer 22

main bronchi to alveolar ducts
decreasing hyaline cartilage and increasing smooth muscle
2x main (1°) bronchi -1 to each long
5x lobar (2°) bronchi -1 to each lunch lobe
many segmental (3°) bronchi, 4th order etc.

smooth muscle and elastic fibres (no cartilage)
many terminal bronchioles
many respiratory bronchioles
many alveolar ducts

Question 23

gradual change of epithelium mucosa in bronchial tree

Main bronchi have

Terminal bronchioles have

Alveolar ducts have

Answer 23

Main (1°) Bronchi -ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

terminal bronchioles -non-ciliated simple columnar

alveolar ducts -non-ciliated simple squamous

Question 24

Lungs
how many lobes for right and left lung

what is the pleura? pleura cavity?

Answer 24

right and left=separated by mediastinum
right lung=3 lobes superior, middle, inferior
left lung =2 lobes, superior and inferior, has cardiac notch where heart lies
pleura=serous membrane
-visceral on surface of lung
-parietal on inner thoracic wall, superior diaphragm and mediastinum
pleural cavity= filled with serous fluid, prevents friction when lungs move, holds lungs to thoracic cavity wall

Question 25

what is the conducting zone (conduct air)

Answer 25

nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

Question 26

what is the respiratory zone (gas exchange with air)

Answer 26

respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts to alveoli most gas exchange occurs by the alveoli, O2 into blood, CO2 into air

Question 27

respiratory membrane | what are the 3 layers?

Answer 27

consists of alveolar walls + surrounding capillaries - 2 epithelia and their fused basement membranes wall of alveolus basement membrane of alveolus +capillary wall of capillary -simple squamous epithelium (endothelial cell)

Question 28

wall of alveolus 3 cell types

Answer 28

simple epithelium 1) type 1 alveolar cells -simple squamous, gas diffusion 2) type 2 alveolar cells -simple cuboidal, secrete surfactant -allows lungs to expand with ease 3) macrophages -free moving across surface of type 1 cells -remove dust and debris

Question 29

what do alveolar pores do

Answer 29

allow for movement of air between alveoli

Question 30

blood supply to lung 2 routes

Answer 30

pulmonary circulation=blood to be oxygenated | bronchial circulation= subdivision of systemic, blood nourish lung tissue

Question 31

pulmonary circulation

Answer 31

deoxy (right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries) -> capillaries in respiratory portion of lungs -> oxy (pulmonary veins -> left atrium)

Question 32

Bronchial circulation description

Answer 32

Bronchial arteries: arise from aorta (systemic), carry oxygenated blood to tissues except respiratory zone returning to heart blood drains into: bronchial vein (little blood) to right atrium -systemic OR pulmonary veins (most blood) to left atrium -pulmonary

Question 33

bronchial circulation route

Answer 33

oxy (left ventricle ->aorta -> bronchial arteries )-> all lung bronchial tissue (except respiratory zone) -> deoxy (bronchial vein -> vena cava -> right atrium OR pulmonary vein )-> oxy (left atrium)

Question 34

Pulmonary Edema

Answer 34

accumulation of fluid in the lungs -between cells and alveoli

Question 35

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) (TB)

Answer 35

thickens respiratory membrane -lung tissue replaced by fibrous CT (scars) decreased lung elasticity and gas exchange area

Question 36

Pulmonary embolism

Answer 36

blockage of pulmonary vasculature | -due to blood clot, arteriosclerosis, air bubbles in vessels

Question 37

Pneumothorax

Answer 37

entry of air in pleural cavity causes lung to collapse two types -can breath in or out OR breathing out closes hole

Question 38

Emphysema

Answer 38

``` alveolar walls breakdown fewer, larger alveoli decreased surface area for gas exchange decreased elasticity (hard to breathe) + recoil (less air out out on exhalation) ```

Question 39

ventilation (breathing)

Answer 39

muscles are all skeletal inspiration: intake air diaphragm + external intercostals contract expiration: air exits diaphragm + external intercostal relax exhaling=passive process