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Anatomy > Topic 15 -Digestive System > Flashcards

Topic 15 -Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system includes 2 parts

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract -tube from mouth to anus

Accessory Organs

  • teeth, tongue, salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • liver, gallbladder
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2
Q

what are the 4 points of the digestive system processes

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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3
Q

Ingestion

A

food into oral cavity

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4
Q

Digestion

A

large molecules broken down into smaller molecules

2 types mechanical (chewing) and chemical (enzymes + acid secretion)

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5
Q

Absorption

A

end products of digestion enter blood or lymph

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6
Q

Defecation

A

elimination of waste + undigested material

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7
Q

what are the 4 basic layers of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa (adventitia)

cavity=lumen

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8
Q

Mucosa of the GI tract (3 layers)

A

epithelium with numerous goblet cells

  • stratified squamous: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal
  • simple columnar: stomach, small + large intestine

lamina propria=areolar CT
-contains blood, lymph vessels, lymph nodules/tissues (immune)

muscularis mucosa
-smooth muscle -allows movement of the mucosa

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9
Q

submucosa of GI tract

A

areolar CT

contains: blood and lymphatic vessels, submucosal nerve plexus

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10
Q

Muscularis externa of GI tract

A
  • smooth muscle
  • inner circular layer
  • outer longitudinal layer
  • myenterric nerve plexus between layers
  • contractions cause motility (mixing +movements)
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11
Q

Enteric Nervous system

what controls the muscularis externa
what controls the activity of the mucosal glands and muscle

A

Nervous system of GI Tract
myenteric plexus -controls muscularis externa
submucous plexus -controls activity of mucosal glands and muscle

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12
Q

what does the Oral Cavity include

A

lips
cheeks
palate:
hard palate= 2 maxillae and 2 palatine bones
soft plate -posterior to hard -skeletal muscle
-posterior projection= uvula
-rises to close the nasalpharynx when swallowing
tongue:
-attached to hyoid bone
-skeletal muscle
-projections of mucosa=papillae (taste buds)

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13
Q

Salivary Glands (3 pairs)

A

parotid -inferior and anterior to ears
submandibular -floor of mouth
sublingual -below tongue on floor of mouth

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14
Q

mumps

A

inflammation of 1 or both parotids

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15
Q

saliva

A
  1. 5% H2O

0. 5% solutes (enzymes)

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16
Q

Dentition (teeth) -where are they located

A

-in maxillae and mandible

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17
Q

child dentition

A

primary (1°) dentition -decidous (“baby”) teeth

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18
Q

adult dentition

A

secondary (2°) dentition -permanent teeth

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19
Q

number of central Incisors per quadrant

A

child 1

adult 1

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20
Q

number of lateral incisors per quadrant

A

child 1

adult 1

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21
Q

number of canine per quadrant

A

child 1

adult 1

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22
Q

number of premolars per quadrant

A

child 0

adult 2

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23
Q

number of molars per quadrant

A

child 2

adult 3

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24
Q

total teeth and total per quadrant

A

child 20 teeth 4 per quadrant

adult 32 teeth 8 per quadrant

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25
Q

Tooth structure (parts)

A 
crown
root
neck
periodontal ligaments 
root canal extends to pulp cavity
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26
Q

crown of tooth what does it contain

A

above gum
dentin=majority of tooth
enamel overlay= acellular, highly calcified -hard!

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27
Q

root of tooth

A

dentin with cementum overlay

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28
Q

what is to note about dentin, enamel and cementum

A

similar to bone, but avascular

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29
Q

neck of tooth

A

enamel + cementum boundary (gums)

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30
Q

periodontal ligaments

A

attach root to bones

31
Q

root canal extends to pulp cavity

A

contains CT, blood/lymph vessels and nerves

32
Q

oropharynx and laryngopharynx is made up of

A

only muscularis externa (skeletal muscle) and mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium)

33
Q

Esophagus
where is it located?
pass through?
exceptions?

A

posterior to trachea
passes through diaphragm to the abdominal cavity
all 4 histological layers in GI tract from this point on
exceptions:
muscularis externa
-upper 1/3 -skeletal muscle
-middle 1/3 -skeletal and smooth muscle (transition zone)
-lower 1/3 -smooth muscle

has adventitia in mediastinum (outermost layer) =fibrous CT (no epithelium)

34
Q

Stomach

what are the 4 regions?

A

cardiac region (cardia) -attached to esophagus
fundus -above esophageal entrance
body
pyloric region (pylorus) -has pyloric sphincter

greater and lesser curvatures
converts food into chime (food +gastric juice)

35
Q

stomach mucosa, invaginations of epithelium form…

A

invaginations of epithelium form gastric glands (exocrine) -secrete gastric juice to lumen

36
Q

gastric glands of mucosa contain in stomach

A

chief cells
parietal cells
goblet cells
G cells (enteroendocrine cells)

37
Q

chief cells from gastric gland

A

secrete pepsinogen + gastric lipase enzymes

38
Q

parietal cells from gastric gland

A

secrete HCl + intrinsic factor (for vit B12 absorbance in ileum)

39
Q

Goblet cells from gastric gland

A

-mucus (surface epithelium also contains many goblet cells along with the gastric glands)

40
Q

G cells (enteroendocrine cells) of gastric gland

A

secrete gastrin (hormone to blood)

41
Q

rugae of stomach

A

folds of mucosa + submucosa due to contraction of muscularis mucosa

allows for expansion without tearing mucosa

42
Q

muscularis externa of stomach

3 layers

A

function= churning

inner oblique
middle circular
outer longitudinal

43
Q

Small intestine

3 segments

A

end of pyloric sphincter to ileocaecal valve

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

44
Q

duodenum of small intestine

A 
first fold (short) -retroperitoneal 
extra glands here secrete alkaline mucus to protect against stomach acid
45
Q

jejunum of small intestine

A

middle section

46
Q

ileum of small intestine

A

attached to caecum (part of large intestine)
has groups of lymph nodules =Peyer’s patches
prevent infection of small intestine and bacteria from entering blood

47
Q

segments specialized to increase absorption SA of small intestine

A

plicae circulares -submucosa thrown into folds

villi -projections of mucosa into lumen
-contains blood capillaries and lacteals (lymph capillaries that absorb e.g. fats)

microvilli -brush border on enterocytes (simple columnar) -extend into lumen

48
Q

within epithelium of small intestine separate enteroendocrine cells secrete the hormones

A

secretin

cholecystokinin

49
Q

small intestine accessory organs

A

pancreas
liver
gallbladder

50
Q

pancreas

A

retroperitoneal
parts: head, body and tail
contains exocrine portion and endocrine portion

51
Q

exocrine portion of pancreas

A

acinar cells/ acini (most of pancreas)
-secrete digestive enzymes (into ducts)
duct cells -secrete alkaline fluids to neutralize stomach acid

52
Q

pancreatic juice

A

digestive enzymes + alkaline fluid

53
Q

endocrine portion of pancreas

A

islets of Langerhans (amid acini)

secrete hormones; insulin and glucagon to regulate blood

54
Q

Liver

A

4 lobes right, left, caudate, quadrate
cells: hepatocytes
filters material from GI tract (nutrients, toxins) before going to rest of body
produces bile -for fat digestion

55
Q

Gallbladder

A

muscular sac on surface of liver
rugae, no submucosa
stores, concentrates bile between meals

56
Q

enzymes, alkaline fluid and bile enter duodenum via series of ducts

A

pancreas: accessory Pancreatic Duct to duodenum(in many people) and Pancreatic Duct to Hepato-Pancreatic Ampcilla to duodenum

liver to hepatic duct and gallbladder to cystic duct both connect to common bile duct which connects to hepato-pancreatic ampcilla to duodenum

57
Q

Large Intestine

A

ileocaecal valve to anus
no villi or folds
consists of caecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anus

58
Q

parts of colon

A 
ascending (right side)
hepatic flexure 
transverse 
splenic flexure 
descending (left side) 
sigmoid
59
Q

Colon: muscularis externa longitudinal layer incomplete

A

=taeniae coli

contraction forms pouches =haustra

60
Q

colon: epiploic appendages

A 
=fat-filled pouches 
function unknown
61
Q

rectum of large intestine

A

no taeniae coli

anal canal = last 3cm

62
Q

anus

A

2 anal sphincters: internal (smooth muscle) + external (skeletal muscle -voluntary control)

63
Q

Immune function for digestive system

A

lymph nodules in mucosa throughout small + large intestine

Peyers patches in ileum -prevent infection of small intestine and prevent bacteria from entering blood

64
Q

Digestive function of lymph system

flow of vessels

A

most absorbed fats from small intestine enter lacteals (some into blood)

lacteals -> lymph collecting vessels -> cisterna chyli -> thoracic duct -> left subclavian vein

65
Q

Lower GI tract blood circulation (vessel route)

A

Aorta -> superior or inferior mesenteric artery

superior mesenteric artery -> capillaries in small and large instestines -> superior mesenteric veins -> hepatic portal system

inferior mesenteric veins -> capilaries in small intestine -> inferior mesenteric vein -> splenic vein -> hepatic portal system

hepatic portal system -> capillaries in liver -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava

66
Q

what makes up the hepatic portal system

A

capillaries in small and large intestine to capillaries in liver

blood does not flow to heart in between

67
Q

peritoneum –serous membrane

A
  • visceral peritoneum (against organ wall)
  • -parietal peritoneum (against abdominal cavity wall)
  • parietal cavity = filled with serous fluid
68
Q

serosa between organs =

A

sheet of 2 fused visceral peritoneum layers
contains blood/lymph vessels and nerves
forms folds in some areas =omenta

69
Q

greater omentum

A

“fatty apron”
covers transverse colon and small intestine
contains fat -protection, insulation, energy reserve

70
Q

lesser omentum

A

suspends stomach from liver

71
Q

mesentery

A

suspends small intestine from cavity wall

double layer of parietal peritoneum

72
Q

retroperitoneal

A

an organ behind the peritoneum
peritoneum lines only one side
anterior= parietal peritoneum
posterior = CT (adventitia)

73
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

due to: burst appendix or wounds

Anatomy (26 decks)

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