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Anatomy > Topic 12 -Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Topic 12 -Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

The heart is in the area called the

A

mediastinum (region between lungs, within thoracic cavity)

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2
Q

Coverings of the heart -pericardium

double walled sac surrounding the heart -3 layers

A

fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium 2 layers
parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium

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3
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

(wall of cavity)
outermost layer =dense irregular CT
anchors to surrounding structures ex diaphragm

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4
Q

serous pericardium
what is the pericardial sac
what is the pericardial cavity

A

parietal pericardium -fused to fibrous pericardium
fibrous + parietal pericardium = pericardial sac

visceral pericardium= epicardium -fused to heart surface so is part of the heart wall

between pericardial layers=pericardial cavity with serous fluid

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5
Q

Heart wall 3 parts

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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6
Q

epicardium

A

=visceral pericardium

stratified squamous epithelium plus areolar CT

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7
Q

myocardium

A

=cardiac muscle

arranged in spiral or circular patter, reinforced with CT

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8
Q

Endocardium

A

=simple squamous epithelium plus areolar CT
epithelium named endothelium
lines inner surface of heart and ALL bood vessels

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9
Q

Chambers plus associated blood vessels

A

right atrium -inferior and superior vena cava, coronary sinus (posterior)
left atrium -4pulmonary veins
right ventricle -pulmonary trunk -divides to form 2 pulmonary arteries
left ventricle -aorta

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10
Q

Septa is made of

A

interatrial septum -separates atria
interventricular septum -separates ventricles, deep to interventricular sulcus (external)
sulcas=shallow groove

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11
Q

Fibrous skeleton of heart

A

CT fibres around muscle fibres + CT rings between atria and ventricles at the coronary sulcus
-allows openings to remain open at all times (valves open and close)
provides electrical insulation -prevents simultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles

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12
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

bicuspid (mitral) -left side, 2 cusps

tricuspid -right side, 3 cusps

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13
Q

Cordae tendineae (CT)

A

attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles (projections of myocardium)

prevent eversion of cusps

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14
Q

semilunar valves

A

3 cusps each
aortic -separates left ventricle and aorta
pulmonary -separates right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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15
Q

Cardiac muscle cells form both

A

contractile myocardium and conduction system

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16
Q

cardiac muscle cells are

A

modified/specialized=conduction systems
generates electrical signals, conduction

“normal” =myocardium -contraction

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17
Q

how is normal cardiac muscle cells similar to skeletal

how is it different

A

striated (myofibrils with sarcomeres)
has sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules

differences: branched, uninucleated and intercalated discs= region where two fibres meet which contain anchoring and gap junctions

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18
Q

Cardiac muscle cells that are modified to produce and conduct electrical impulses do not contract and have 5 parts

A 
sinoatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node
atrioventricular (AV) bundle (Bundle of His)
AV bundle branches
perkinje fibres
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19
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

in right atrium at base of superior vena cava, generates impulses the fastest, sets pace

tells left atrium to pump

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20
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

base of right atrium

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21
Q

atrioventricular (AV) bundle (Bundle of His)

A

superior part of interventricular septum

electrically connects atria to ventricles

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22
Q

AV bundle branches

A

go to each ventricle

23
Q

perkinje fibres

A

terminal fibres
in ventricles only

electrical system spreads from conduction system to contractile cardiac cells, then they contract

24
Q

Circulatory routes: closed, double circulation

A 
closed= blood confined to heart and blood vessels 
double= 2 routes (pulmonary and systemic)
25
Q

what is the route in adult pulmonary circulation

A
  • right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated blood)
  • pick up oxygen in lungs at capillaries
  • lungs to left atrium via pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)

deoxy (right ventricle->pulmonary arteries)->capillaries in respiratory portion of lungs->oxy (pulmonary veins -> left atrium)

26
Q

systemic circulation

A

left ventricle to organs via aorta (oxy)
organs remove oxygen at capillaries
organs to right atrium via superior or inferior vena cava (deoxy)

overall route left ventricle to right atrium=systemic circulation

27
Q

subdivisions of systemic circulation

A

cerebral=brain
hepatic=liver
coronary=heart

28
Q

route of coronary circulation

A

left ventricle ->aorta

aorta -> right coronary artery or left coronary artery

right coronary artery-> right marginal artery or posterior interventricular artery

left coronary artery -> anterior interventricular artery or circumflex artery

all drain into different arterioles -> capillaries in myocardium-> venules->cardiac veins-> coronary sinus (blood vessel) -> right atrium

29
Q

Fetal circulation

A

fetus gets O2, nutrients from and expel waste to mothers blood

exchanges site in placenta -blood supplies close together but do not mix

30
Q

differences of fetal circulation from adult

A 
umbilical vein 
lungs and liver non functional 
umbilical arteries (away from fetal heart)
31
Q

fetal umbilical vein (toward the fetal heart)

A

carries oxygenated blood from placenta to vena cava

32
Q

fetal shunts to bypass lungs and liver (3)

A

ductus venosus
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus

as soon as baby is born the pressure differences cause the shunts to breakdown

33
Q

ductus venosus (fetal)

A

connects umbilical vein (oxy blood) to inferior vena cava (deoxy blood) to by pass liver
permits most of the oxygenated blood coming from the placenta to bypass the liver
in vena cava oxy and deoxy mixes and enters heart via inferior vena cava

34
Q

foramen ovale (fetal)

A

hole in interatrial septum

allows blood to move from right to left atrium to bypass the lungs

35
Q

ductus arteriosus (fetal)

A

connects pulmonary trunk +aorta (bypass lungs)

36
Q

fetal umbilical arteries

A

returns mixed blood to placenta

37
Q

general structure of blood vessels (except capillaries)

A

Tunica externa -CT
Tunica media -smooth muscle, elastic fibres (CT)
Tunica interna (intima) -endothelium-simple squamous epithelium
lumen -contains blood, not layer

38
Q

Arteries

2 types

A

carry blood away from the heart

elastic (elastic CT in all 3 tunics)
largest arteries near heart ex aorta

muscular -a lot of smooth muscle
most arteries ex coronary artery

39
Q

Arterioles

A

little arteries

regulate blood flow and blood pressure

40
Q

Capillaries

A

only tunica interna=endothelium (one cell layer) and basement membrane
allows exchange of gases + nutrients
gaps allow limited fluid and solutes to leak out, forming interstitial fluid (ISF)

41
Q

venules

A

formed by uniting capillaries
interna, thin media, thin externa
bring blood toward heart

42
Q

veins

A

large lumen
valves prevent backflow of blood
thin media -less smooth muscle
can collapse

43
Q

flow of blood through vessel types

A

heart->elastic arteries ->muscular arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules ->veins -> heart

44
Q

characteristics of blood

A

higher viscosity than H2O
37C
pH 7.35 to 7.45
4-6L in an Adult

45
Q

composition of blood

A

plasma (matrix) -fluid portion with solutes

formed elements -cellular portion

46
Q

plasma (matrix)

A

H2O 90%
proteins 8% -albumins -control tissue water balance
fibrinogen -clot formation and globulins -antibodies

other solutes 2% nutrients, hormones, wastes, electrolytes and gases

47
Q

formed elements of blood

A

RBC -erythrocytes
WBC (leukocytes)
platelets

48
Q

RBC -erythrocytes

A 
hematocrit= % of blood volume that is RBC (~45%)
biconcave disc shape
anucleate when mature
life span 120days
destroyed in liver and spleen 
contain hemoglobin
49
Q

hemoglobin

A

pigmented protein
heme=red pigment, contains iron, attaches and transports O2
globin -proteins, attaches and transports CO2
hemoglobin is broken down to heme and globin
heme is broken down to bilirubin
globin is broken down to amino acids

50
Q

WBC (leukocytes)

2 types

A

nucleated, life span days to years, defend against disease

agranulocytes and granulocytes

51
Q

granulocytes 3 types

A

neutrophils 60% phagocytic (engulf and digest bacteria)
eosinophils 3% attack parasites (worms)
basophils 1% release histamine to increase inflammation and heparin to decrease local clotting

52
Q

agranulocytes 2 types

A

lymphocytes 35% immunity include T lymphocytes -kill infected cells directly and B lymphocytes become plasma cells, produce antibodies

monocytes 5% enter tissue and enlarge to become macrophages (phagocytes)

53
Q

platelets

A

fragments of red bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes

involved in clotting

life span 2-10 days

54
Q

hemopoeisis (hematopeoisis)

A

formation of blood cells
all blood cells arise indirectly from hemocytoblast (stem cells) in red bone marrow

red marrow in adult: axial skeleton, pelvic and pectoral girdles proximal ends of humerus and femur

Anatomy (26 decks)

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