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Anatomy > Topic 10 -Skeletal system > Flashcards

Topic 10 -Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical position

A

feet, face and palms facing forward

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2
Q

axial skeleton 4parts

number of bones

A 
skull
hyoid bone
vertebral column 
thoracic cage -sternum plus ribs
80 bones
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3
Q

appendicular skeleton 4 parts
limbs and bones that attach them to the axial skeleton (girdles)

126 bones

A

pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
upper limb (arm, forearm and hands)
lower limb (thigh, leg and foot)

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4
Q

connections between bones equals

A

articulations (joints)

ex humerus articulates with the scapula

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5
Q

Skull 3 main bone groupings

A

cranium 8 bones (next to brain)
facial bones 14 bones
auditory ossicles 6 bones (3 bones on each side in middle of ears)

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6
Q

cranium 8 bones

A 
1 frontal (forehead)
2 parietal 
2 temporal 
1 sphenoid 
1 ethmoid -forms superior and middle conchae
1 occipital
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7
Q

facial bones 14

A 
2 nasal 
2maxillae
2 zygomatic
2 lacrimal 
2 palatine 
2 inferior nasal conchae 
1 vomer
1mandible
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8
Q

hard palate

A

2 palatine and 2 maxillae

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9
Q

auditory ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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10
Q

hyoid bone

A 
no articulations (joints/connections to other bones)
attaches muscles of tongue and neck to assist in swallowing
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11
Q

vertebral column

A 
26 vertebrae, 5 regions
7 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
1 sacrum 
1 coccyx
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12
Q

typical vertebral structure (8)

A

1) body- thick anterior portion
2) spinous process median posterior projection
3) transverse process -lateral bony projections for muscle attachment
4) laminae -connects the processes
5) pedicles -connects the body to the transverse process
6) vertebral foramen -opening for spinal cord
7) superior and inferior articular process (with facets=articular surfaces), articulate with vertebrae above and below
8) intervertebral foramina -exit for spinal nerves

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13
Q

c1, c2

A

atypical

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14
Q

c3-c7

A

typical

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15
Q

c1

A

atlas
no body, no spinous process
articulates with occipital condyles of skull
allows nodding “yes” motion

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16
Q

c2

A

axis
dens (odontoid process)
pivot joint around which the atlas swivels
allows shaking “no” motion

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17
Q

what do c1 -c7 all have

A

transverse foramina, opening for blood supply

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18
Q

Thoracic T1-T12 all articulate with

A

ribs via costal facets

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19
Q

lumbar L1-L5 support……

all large …….

A

support head

all large bodies and rectangular spinous processes

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20
Q

sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae

articulates with ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebrae

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21
Q

coccyx

A

3-5 fused vertebrae usually 4

tailbone

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22
Q

curvature of the spinal column

cervical + lumbar

A

curved convex anteriorly = concave posteriorly

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23
Q

curvature of spinal column

thoracic + sacral

A

curved concave anteriorly = convex posteriorly

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24
Q

3 types of abnormal curvature

A

scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis

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25
Q

scoliosis

A

spinal column curves laterally

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26
Q

kyphosis

A

exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)

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27
Q

lordosis

A

exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)

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28
Q

thoracic cage is made up of

A

sternum and ribs

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29
Q

sternum 3 parts

A

manubrium- superior
body -middle
xiphoid process -inferior

30
Q

ribs 12 pairs

A

articulate posteriorly with T1 to T12
7 pairs of true ribs, direct attachment to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

5 pairs of false ribs, attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage 8-10 or not at all= floating ribs 11,12 embedded in muscle

31
Q

Pectoral girdle (upper limb girdle) is made up of

A

clavicle

scapula

32
Q

clavicle (collarbone)

A

articulates with sternum (manibrium) and scapula (acromion process)

connects axial and appendicular skeletons

33
Q

scapula (4 parts)

A

spine (on posterior)
acromion process -articulates with clavicle
glenoid fossa/cavity -articulates with head of humerus
coracoid process -attaches muscle for arm and chest

34
Q

pelvic girdle (lower limb girdle) is made up of

A

composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones) each with 3 bones
ilium -articulates with sacrum
ischium -most inferior part = the ischial tuberosity
pubis -left and right joined by pubic symphysis

35
Q

joints of pelvic girdle

A

pubic symphysis
sacroiliac -sacrum and ilium
acetabulum -articulates with head of femur -all 3 bones of os coxa join here

36
Q

upper limb in anatomical position

A 
humerus 
radius (lateral)
ulna (medial) 
carpals (8) wrist 
metacarpals (5) palms 
phalanges (14) fingers

all long bones except carpals

37
Q

lower limb in anatomical position

A 
femur
patella (knee cap)
Fibula (lateral)
tibia (medial)
tarsals (7) -talus -articulates with tibia 
                -calcaneus = heel bone
metatarsals (5) =sole
phalanges (14) = digits (toe)

all long bones except patella and tarsals

38
Q

components of long bone (8)

A 
Diaphysis 
Epiphysis 
Epiphyseal plate 
Epiphyseal line
Medullary cavity 
Periosteum 
Endosteum
Articular cavity
39
Q

diaphysis (long bone)

A

shaft (body)

40
Q

Epiphysis (long bone)

A

proximal and distal extremities

41
Q

Epiphyseal plate (long bone)

A

hyaline cartilage

used for bone growth (length)

42
Q

Epiphyseal line (long bone)

A

replaces plate with bone when growth is completed

plate/line -where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

43
Q

Medullary cavity (long bone)

A

red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adults

44
Q

periosteum (long bone)

A 
external surface
2 layers of CT 
-outer = dense irregular 
-inner = mainly osteoblasts and osteoclasts 
allows bone to grow in diameter
45
Q

Endosteum (long bone)

A

lines medullary cavity and canals (contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts)

46
Q

articular cartilage (long bone)

A

hyaline (only at articulation process)

prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)

47
Q

Bone in general consists of

A

cells

matrix

48
Q

cells of bone

A

osteoblasts, mature into osteocytes
osteocytes, mature bone cells
osteoclasts, reabsorb old cells

49
Q

matrix of bone

A

ground of substance
-hydroxyapatite =insoluble calcium phosphate salts (strength)

collagen fires (flexibility)
water
50
Q

2 types of bone

A

compact bones

spongy bones

51
Q

compact bone

Where is it located?

Composed of …

A

covers external surface of all bone

composed of osteon

52
Q

each osteon contains (5)

A

lamellae -bone matrix, arranged in concentric circles

lacunae (with osteocytes)
space within matrix where osteocytes live
between lamellae

canaliculi
small canals that connect osteocytes with blood supply and to other osteocytes

central canal
contains blood vessels and nerves
is lined with endosteum

perforating canals
perpendicular to central canal
carry blood supply from periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity

53
Q

spongy bone

A

no osteons
have trabeculae (made of irregularly arranged lamellae)
canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae

54
Q

spongy bone is found in

A 
flat and irregular bones (skull, ribs, vertebrae)
long bones 
-epiphyses 
-lining medullary cavity 
-spaces contain bone marrow 
red marrow produces blood cells
55
Q

cartilage (CT)

A 
hyaline cartilage 
chondrocytes in lacunae 
matrix:
shiny ground substance contains chondroitin sulphate + hyaluronic acid 
collagen fibres and water 
non vascular
56
Q

Articulation and joints

what are the classes?

A

point of contact between two or more bones

2 classes, structural and functional

57
Q

structural classification

A

based on presence or absence of joint cavity

type of connecting tissue

58
Q

types of structural joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial joints

59
Q

Fibrous joints

A

no joint cavity
fibrous CT connects bones
ex sutures in skull (fontanels in new born)

60
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

no joint cavity
cartilage attaches bones
ex pubic symphysis and costal cartilage of ribs

61
Q

synovial joints

A

ex shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

structure: 
articular cartilage (hyaline)
joint cavity -contains synovial fluid 
-articular joint capsule 
outerlayer = fibrous capsule 
attaches to periosteum, may have ligaments within (capsule= thickened) or separate 
inner layer = synovial membrane (CT only)
secretes synovial fluid
62
Q

types of synovial joints according to shape of articulating bone (4)

A

plane/gliding
hinge
pivot
ball and socket

63
Q

plane/gliding joints

A

flat surfaces

ex sacroiliac

64
Q

hinge joints

A

concave/convex surfaces

ex elbow and knee

65
Q

pivot joints

A

projection in a ring

ex dens on axis in atlas

66
Q

ball and socket joints

A

great freedom of movement
ex humerus in glenoid fossa
ex femer in acetabulum (hip)

67
Q

functional classification based on degree of movement 3 types

A

synarthrotic
amphiarthrotic
diarthrotic

68
Q

synarthrotic joints

A

immovable

ex skull sutures

69
Q

amphiarthrotic joints

A

slightly movable

ex pubic symphysis

70
Q

diarthrotic joints

A

freely movable synovial joints

ex hip and shoulder

Anatomy (26 decks)

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