Topic 6: Nervous System 6 - Motor Output - Clinical applications of SNS Flashcards
1
Q
What occurs in destruction of upper motor neurons?
A
- reflex arc still present
- you get spastic paralysis and exaggerated reflexes
2
Q
What occurs in spastic paralysis?
A
- increased muscle tone (no muscle atrophy)
3
Q
What are exaggerated reflexes?
A
- ex. patellar, achilles, babinski sign
4
Q
What are 2 examples of exaggerated reflexes?
A
- plantar reflex
- babinski sign
5
Q
What is plantar reflex? (3)
A
- scratch sole of foot
- normal response is flexion of toes (curl under)
- babinski sign is damaged response
6
Q
What is the babinski sign? (3)
A
- extend big toe
- indicates damage to upper motor neurons
- ## exception is in babies where it is normal since they are not fully myelinated
7
Q
What occurs in destruction of lower motor neurons? (2)
A
- loss of reflex arc (no reflex)
- Flaccid paralysis
8
Q
What occurs in flaccid paralysis?
A
- decreased tone
- marked muscle atrophy
9
Q
How is poliomyelitis an example of flaccid paralysis?
A
- virus destroys cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord
10
Q
Where is speech controlled in the brain?
A
- areas in left cortex of most people
11
Q
What is the cortex important for?
A
- for concepts and ideas
12
Q
Which areas of the brain make up the language implementation system?
A
- Wernicke’s area
- Broca’s area
- basal nuclei
13
Q
What is the function of the language implementation area?
A
- analyzes incoming and produces outcoming word sounds and grammatical structures
14
Q
How is speech initiated? (2)
A
- signals pass from language areas to premotor cortex to plan muscle contraction
- primary motor cortex initiates planned contractions
15
Q
What occurs if there is damaged to Wernicke’s area? (2)
A
- cannot understand spoken or written words
- can speak but words are meaningless or mixed up
