Topic 6 (muscles) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal muscles

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2
Q

What is smooth muscle and where is it found?

A

Smooth muscle is an involuntary muscle that has one nucleus, tapered and non-striated, and it is found in the walls of hollow organs

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3
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle is striated muscle, involuntary, single nucleus and branched muscle found in the heart

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4
Q

What are skeletal muscles

A

They are voluntary, striated, multinuclear, non branched muscle

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5
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscles

A

Movement, maintain posture, temperature (making heat), storage and movement of materials, support, and stabilize

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6
Q

What are the segments of muscle

A

The bundles inside the muscle are called fascicles, each fascicle has many muscle fibers, myofibril inside the muscle fiber, a sarcomere which is a segment of the myofibril, then the smallest subunit microfilaments (actin and myosin)

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7
Q

What is the epimysium

A

IT is a dense connective tissue layer that surrounds the entire muscle

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8
Q

What’s the purpose of the connective tissue in bone

A

Protection, site for blood vessel and nerve fibre distribution, attachment of the muscle to the skeleton

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9
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue in the muscle

A

EPimysium (entire muscle), perimysium (surrounds the fascicles), endomysium (areolar tissue that is inside of the subunits of the fascicles.

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10
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue in the muscle

A

Epimysium (entire muscle), perimysium (surrounds the fascicles), endomysium (areolar tissue that is inside of the subunits of the fascicles.

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11
Q

What is the myofibril a subunit of

A

Muscle fiber

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12
Q

What are the myofilaments

A

They are the thin and thick filaments that basically row and allow the muscle to pull. The thin filament is the actin and the thick filament is the myosin

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13
Q

Define the structure of myosin

A

The myos

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14
Q

Define the process of the myofilaments contracting

A

The myofilaments strands don’t shorten but the myosin heads of thick filaments slide along actin

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15
Q

What is a tendon

A

It is a merger of connective tissue at the muscle end so muscle to bone

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16
Q

What does the origin mean

A

The origin is usually the one that doesn’t move during the movement of muscle

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17
Q

What is insertion

A

The bone that moves the most

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18
Q

What is the aponeurosis

A

It is a thin sheet of flattened connective tissue. They are attachment sites for muscles and allow for movement during contraction

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19
Q

What is muscle tone

A

This is the baseline tension within a muscle so how much tension there is in its resting position so constant tension

20
Q

What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contraction

A

This is when the muscle tension can overcome the load however isometric is when the muscle cannot contract because it cannot support the load

21
Q

What is the difference between the agonist vs the antagonist

A

The agonist is the prime mover so it is the muscle that creates the movement while the antagonist is a muscle that has a contraction movement opposite to that of the prime mover so the triceps is the antagonist for bicep

22
Q

Explain synergist

A

A muscle that assists the agonist in its functions

23
Q

What are the criteria for naming muscles?

A

Location, shape, size, the direction of muscle fibres, number of origins location of attachments, muscle action

24
Q

What is the trapezius?

A

The trapezius is a superior posterior muscle of the back. It originates on the spinous processes specifically the thoracic spinous process

25
Q

What is the agonist for arm flexion

A

The biceps brachii

26
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the bicep

A

The scapula or coracoid process of the scapula. The insertion is around the radius

27
Q

Where does the tricep insert and originate

A

It inserts in the olecranon it has three heads that originate around the scapula

28
Q

Which muscle originates at the clavicle

A

The deltoid muscle

29
Q

Which muscle inserts at the clavicle

A

The trapezius muscle

30
Q

Which muscle inserts into the intertubercular sulcus

A

The pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi

31
Q

Which part of the trapezius muscle is involved in retracting the scapula

A

The middle fibers

32
Q

Where does the deltoid muscle insert

A

It inserts in the deltoid tuberosity

33
Q

What two bones does the tricep originate

A

The posterior humerus and the scapula

34
Q

Which muscle is the prime mover of abduction and what is abduction

A

Abduction is raising your arm and this would be the deltoid

35
Q

What is the ilipsoas made of and what does it do

A

The illiacus and the psoas major. It helps with the flexion of the leg. The iliacus originates from the ilium, the psoas originates on the vertebrae and they both insert into the femur

36
Q

What is the gluteus maximus

A

It originates on the posterior portion of the ilium and inserts into the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. It helps with leg extension

37
Q

What is the biceps femoris

A

This is known as the hamstrings, it originates on the ischial tuberosity on the ischium and inserts in the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula

38
Q

What is the quadriceps femoris?

A

This muscle helps with extension at the knee and flexion at the hip. It originates

39
Q

What muscles originate on the ilium

A

The iliopsoas and the gluteus maximus

40
Q

Trapezius

A

The trapezius originates onto the occipital bone and thoracic vertebrae and inserts onto the acromion and spine of the scapula. It acts to manipulate the scapula.

41
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Originates from the sternal end of clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilage. Inserts in the intertubercular sulcus and greater tubercle and acts to adduct and medially rotate the arm

42
Q

Lattisimus dorsi

A

Originates from lower vertebrae and inserts into the intertubercular sulcus. It acts to extend the arm, arm abduction, and arm rotation.

43
Q

What is the thick filament

A

This is the protein myosin in the sarcomere it has a head and a tail. The head latches on to the thin filament

44
Q

What is the thin filament

A

The thin filament is made up of a protein called actin that attaches to each other and has a binding site for the myosin heads

45
Q

What is the sliding filament theory

A

It basically means the myosin filaments slide along the actin. The sarcomere becomes smaller but the length of the myofilaments remains the same.

46
Q

What is aponeurosis

A

This is a thin flattened connective tissue layer