Topic 5: Social (1987-97) Flashcards
3
Describe the context of Section 28
- ‘Loony left’ councils accused of promoting homosexual lifestyles by funding support groups
- Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin where main character has 2 gay dads
- Tabloid outcry in 1986 after stored in London libraries
2
Describe Section 28 (Local Government Act 1988)
- Announced at Conservative Annual Conference in 1987
- Prohibited state schools from teaching homosexuality
3
Describe the impact of Section 28
- Campaigns for gay rights and equality intensified
- Greater participation in annual Gay Pride March in London
- Rise in profile of pressure groups such as Stonewall
1
What is a limit to fury of opposition to Section 28
Jack Cunningham for the Labour Front bench said the Labour Party did not oppose it at time of debate
2
Describe gay campaign groups 1987-97
- Outrage! used direct action - threatened to ‘out’ gay clergy and MPs
- Stonewall founded 1989
2
Describe Stonewall
- Backed cases at ECHR challenging unequal age of consent + ban on homosexuals in armed forces
- 1994, age of consent lowered from 21 to 18
4
Describe limitations in homosexual attitudes 1987-97
- Section 28
- Continuing AIDS stigma (Freddie Mercury died 1991)
- Age of consent not equalised until 2000
- Ban on homosexuals in military remained until 2000
4
List moral panics from 1987-97
- Rise in divorce rates
- Rise in illegitimate births
- Video Recording Act 1994
Most of these panics had subsided by 1997
2
Describe the rise in divorce rates 1987-97
- Hit record highs in 1990s
- 14.2% in 1994
1
Describe the rise in illegitimate births 1980s/1990s
- % of babies born to unmarried parents rose from 12% in early 1980s to 20% in early 1990s
2
Describe the reaction to changing childbirth/marriage 1987-97
- Tory Conference 1992 - Peter Lillet (Social Security Sec) sang song critical of youth pregnancy, absent fathers
- 1993, Child Support Agency set up to ensure absent parents paid child maintenance
3
Describe the Video Recording Act 1994
- Influenced by Mary Whitehouse work
- Ensured videos had British film classifications attached to them
- Expanded ‘vidoe work’ definition to video game market
6
Describe increasing criticsm of the Royal Family 1987-97
- from 1987-97, ¾ Queen’s children’s marriages broke down
- Annus horriblis 1992
- Diana publicly critical of royal family following 1992 separation
- Windsor Castle fire 1992
- 1993, Daily Mirror detailed telephone conversations of extramarital affair between Charles and Camilla
- Reflected general decline in deference towards establishment
3
Describe the Windsor Castle fire 1992
- Public disquiet about financing of restoration
- Queen agreed o pay tax on private income
- reduction in civil list
civil list - expenses of Sovereign paid for by government
3
Describe the aftermath of Diana’s death
- 32m UK audience watched funeral (broke record set by 1966 WC final)
- Queen accused of apathy amid public grief
- Public support of monarchy dropped to record lows before Queen statement
5
Describe the Young British Artists (YBA)
- Challenged conventional art
- led by Damien Hirst, Sarah Lucas and Tracey Amin
- created arts from obscure material e.g. dead animals
- formed basis of Charles Saatchi’s 1997 ‘sensation’ exhibit in London
- Fusion between societal elite and experimental artists
2
Describe progress in youth culture 1987-97
- acid house dance music arrived in late 1980s - synonymous with LSD usage
- ‘Second Summer of Love’ (1988-89) - explosion of free rave parties
2
Describe limitations in youth culture 1987-97
- Tabloid backlash against ecstasy
- Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
3
Describe environmental action 1987-97
- Series of protests e.g. against Twyford Down M3 extension in 1992
- Broad movement expanded to local residents, mc, new-age travellers
- Used to innovative NVDA measures to block work e.g. climb trees being uprooted
3
Describe political progress in the position of women 1987-97
- Female MPs increased from 60 (1992) to 120 (1997)
- 1992, Betty Boothroyd became first female Speaker
- 1992, Stella Rimington became first female MI5 Director General
4
Describe political limitations in the position of women 1987-97
- 101/120 female MPs in 1997 were in Labour
- in 1990, no female law lords and 1/80 High court judges were women
- 1994, 90% civil servants were men
- CoE excluded women as bishops until 2014
6
Describe social progress in the position of women 1987-97
- ‘Riot Grrrl’ movement
- Message of ‘girl power’, became mainstream by mid-1990s
- Spearheaded by pop group the ‘Spice Girls’
- Could be ordained in CoE from 1992
- ‘New man’ role - men taking on childcare, shopping, etc
- More liley to retain child custody, and therefore home, in divorce cases
2
Describe the ‘Riot Grrrl’ movement
- Underground scene that combined feminism, punk and politics
- Included Kikini Kill and Huggy Bear
3
Describe social limitations in the position of women 1987-97
- ‘New man’ role minimal
- ‘Blair babes’ terminology
- 12/401 oxbridge professors were women
3
Describe economic progress in the position of women 1987-97
- Increasing postponement of marriage/children to enjoy new financial freedom
- Greater employment in circles of law, business, banking
- Lawson’s 1988 reforms meant men no longer responsible for wife’s tax returns
3
Describe economic limitations in the position of women 1987-97
- Decline of manu sector led to transfer to part-time service jobs that lacked substantive pension/unemployment benefits
- in 1990, less than 10% businesses owned by women
- At Department of Employment (responsible for setting equal opportunities agenda), 3/791 typists were men
2
Describe terminology used to describe limited economic opportunity to women in the 1990s
- invisible ‘glass ceiling’ for highly-qualified women
- ‘Golden pathway’ for promotion dominated by men
2
Describe political progress in race relations 1987-97
- 4 non-white MPs elected in 1987 all retained seats in 1992
- First mulsim MP, Chaudhry Sarwar, elected 1997
2
Describe political limitations in race relations 1987-97
- 1992, black barrister John Taylor lost safe Tory seat to LD in Cheltenham
- Candidature subect to fierce debate in local constituency due to Caribbean background
1
Describe social progress in race relations 1987-97
- Stephen Lawrence camaign
3
Describe social limitations in race relations 1987-97
- Stephen Lawrence death
- Concern about Muslim integration with new asylum seekers from Somalia, Iraq, Afghanistan
- ‘Satanic Verses’
5
Describe the ‘Satanic Verses’
- Published 1988 by British-Indian Salman Rushdie
- Satirisation of Islam considered blasphemous
- Tensions hugely inflamed with riots
- Revealed clash between freedom of speech (British value) and religion (impact of migration)
- 1989, Iranian Supreme Leader issued Fatwa on Rushdie
4
Describe the death of Stephen Lawrence
- 1993, Black A-Level student Stephen Lawrence
- murdered in racially motivated attack by gang of white youths in SE London
- CPS decided there was insufficient evidence to prosecute despite identities of perpetrators supposedly being known
- Revealed institutional racism of Met Police
3
Describe the reaction to Stephen Lawrence’s death
- Feb 1997 - Daily Mail ‘Murderers Campaign’
- Jack Straw (Home Sec) ordered public inquiry in 1997
- MacPherson Report 1999 - concluded Met had been ‘institutionally racist’, but not corrupt
