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British History > Topic 2: Social change (1964-70) > Flashcards

Topic 2: Social change (1964-70) Flashcards

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1
Q

4

Describe change in the expansion of TV (1964-70)

A
  • TV ownership increased to 91% in 1971 from 75% in 1961
  • By 1969, TV accounted for 23% of lesiure time
  • Hugh Greene (BBC Director-General 1960-69) reformed radio/tv in sixties
  • 1967, BBC Two became first channel to show colour
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2
Q

2

Describe continuity in the expansion of TV (1964-70)

A
  • TV ownership had been high beforehand
  • Massive changes with ITV launch in 1955
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3
Q

6

Describe change in the expansion of radio (1964-70)

A
  • Hugh Greene (BBC Director-General 1960-69) reformed radio/tv in sixties
  • Development of cheap and portable transitor radio permitted survival
  • Growth of commercial radio stations (e.g. Radio Luxembourg) to counter 3 BBC radio stations
  • Rise of pirate stations from 1964 (e.g. Radio Caroline broadcast from ship off Essex Coast)
  • Shut down by Marine Broadcasting Act 1967
  • Former pirate DJs hired by BBC
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4
Q

2

Describe change in the expansion of print media (1964-70)

A
  • Tabloid, The Sun, launched in 1964 and replaced more serious WC paper, the Daily Herald (though not tabloid until 1969 Murdoch purchase) - pg3 girls by 1970
  • End of censorship - more permissive
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5
Q

6

Describe change in the growth of leisure activities (1964-70)

A
  • By 1969, TV accounted for 23% of leisure time
  • Cars permitted travel to larger shopping centres and leisure facilities
  • Holidays (see other card)
  • OU creation
  • Rise in popularity of football after World Cup win in 1966
  • Restrictions on footballers’ pay removed
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6
Q

3

Describe change in holidays (3 or more days) (1964-70)

A
  • Holidays abroad rose from 4m in 1961 to 7m in 1971
  • British Airways founded in 1964 - offerred European flights to places such as Malta
  • Package holidays grew from 4% in 1966 of total holidays to 8.4% in 1971
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7
Q

4 - focussed on sport + holidays

Describe continuity in leisure activities (1964-70)

A
  • Other WC sports did not garner same attention as football
  • Cost of air travel meant foreign holidays were reserved for wealthy middle class
  • 1971, 41m holidays, only 7m of which abroad
  • Package holidays still in infancy
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8
Q

4

Describe change in scientific developments (1964-70)

A
  • Labour government made scientific development a key aim
  • 1969, Concorde’s first flight (made by an Anglo-French partnership)
  • ‘Post Office Tower’ opened in 1965 to improve telecommunications (then tallest builiding in britain)
  • Launch of polytechnics
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9
Q

3

Describe change in the reduction of censorship (1964-70)

A
  • Theatres Act 1968 abolished Lord Chamberlain’s right to censor stage plays
  • PMB by George Strauss (Labour backbencher) with Home Office support
  • Rise in productions with nudity and swearing
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10
Q

5

Describe continuity in the reduction of censorship (1964-70)

A
  • Newly dispensed books, like Fanny Hill, and productions, like Hair, would prove controversial
  • Censorship remained through ‘British Board of Film Censors’ e.g. Alfie (1966) banned for abortion links
  • Mary Whitehouse - ‘Clean-up TV’ pressure group launched in 1964
  • Campaign led to ‘National Viewers and Listeners association’ in 1965, soon to hold 100k members
  • Arguably legitimised decadence of 50s, rather than spurring revolution in arts
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11
Q

5

Describe change in female equality (1964-70)

A
  • Second-wave feminism spread from USA, esp influential among middle classes
  • Several Women became political heavyweights (Castle, Williams, Hart)
  • 1st National Women’s Liberation Conference in 1970 set demands for equal pay and free 24hr childcare
  • 1970 Equal Pay Act
  • 1970 Matrimonial Property Act

Shirley Williams, Judith Hart

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12
Q

1

What did the 1970 Equal Pay Act do?

A

Prevented discrimination in employment, between men and women

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13
Q

1

What did the 1970 Matrimonial Property Act do?

A

work of wife, whether in employment or at home, taken into account of divorce settlements

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14
Q

5

Describe continuity in female equality (1964-70)

A
  • Idea of female domesticity remained strong in 60s
  • 1945 election - 24 women MPs, still only 26 by 1970
  • Loopholes in 1970 Equal Pay Act
  • Women accounted for only 28% of students in higher edu in 1970
  • Only 5% ever reached managerial posts
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15
Q

6

List examples of ‘moral attitudes’

A
  • Sex and contraception
  • Abortion
  • Divorce reform
  • Homosexual relations
  • Drugs
  • Law and Order
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16
Q

6

Describe change in sex, divorce and abortion (1964-70)

A
  • NHS Family Planning Act of 1967 (allowed local authorities to provide contraceptives and contraceptive advice)
  • Number of illegitimate births rose from 6% in 1960 to 8% in 1970
  • Development of antibiotics meant STDs like syphillis could be easily treated
  • Pill available on NHS for all women from 1967 (had been available for married women from 1961)
  • In 1963, 66% believed premarital sex between couples was wrong - had fallen to 10% by 1970s
  • Sex now seen as recreational, not procreational
17
Q

3

Describe continuity in sex, divorce and abortion (1964-70)

A
  • In 1970, only 9% of women relied on pill
  • Gorer’s 1969 survey found that only 12% expressed a ‘tolerant’ attitude towards homosexuals despite decriminalisation
  • Social attitudes remained conservative outside Westminster bubble
18
Q

3

Describe change in drug attitudes (1964-70)

A
  • 1968 LEMAR rally in Hyde Park called to legalise cannabis
  • Rise of LSD
  • Cocaine and heroin addiction became 10x more prevalent in the first half of the 60’s

essentially no change

19
Q

6

Describe continuity in drug attitudes (1964-70)

A
  • Dangerous Drugs Act 1967 made possession of cannabis and cocaine unlawful
  • 1967, 77% believed taking soft drugs should be a criminal offence
  • By 1967, 2.5k prosecutions of cannabis possession
  • Wilson rejected Wootton Report 1968 calling for legalisation of soft drugs
  • 1970, maxmimum sentence for supplying drugs increased to 14 years
  • Major social problem at time
20
Q

2

Describe change in law and order (1964-70)

A
  • Death penalty abolished in 1969
  • Decline in order seen in organised fighting between Mods and Rockers e.g. in Brighton
21
Q

2

Describe continuity in law and order (1964-70)

A
  • Across 60’s, 61% to 82% of population in favour of tougher sentencing for muderers
  • 1969 Conservative party conference in favour of restoration of capital punishment - though not adopted by Heath
22
Q

4

Describe change in youth culture (1964-70)

A
  • Portable transistor radio
  • 1969 survey, more young people spent time listening to music at home than going to clubs/concerts
  • Hippie movement grew - focussed on peace and environmentalism
  • Changing fashion masked old class divisions
23
Q

3

Describe continuity in youth culture (1964-70)

A
  • Continued mods vs rockers violence
  • Continued free time (e.g. end of National Service for boys after 1960)
  • Skinheads distinctive to working class
24
Q

2

Describe the main incident of rioting between Mods and Rockers during the sixties

A
  • Summer 1964, Clacton
  • 1k Mods fighting Rockers and police
25
Q

3

Describe the anti-Vietnam war riots of the 60s

A
  • Teachings of Vietnam in Summer 1965 by Oxford and LSE
  • 1966, Vietnam Solidarity Campaign (VSC) set up - garnered support among university students
  • Battle of Grosvenor Square 1968
26
Q

3

Describe the Battle of Grosvenor Square 1968

A
  • March 1968
  • Demonstrations against American Embassy
  • Led to arrest of 200
27
Q

4

Describe the Race Relations Act 1965

A
  • Made it illegal to discriminate on ground of race in public places
  • Set up two bodies:
    • Race Relations Board - to handle complaints arising from Act
    • National Committee for Commonwealth Immigrants - to promote contact between races
28
Q

3

Describe limitations to the Race Relations Act 1965

A
  • Did not extend to employment and housing
  • Conservative amendment made discrmination in public places a ‘civil misdemeanor’ rather than a criminal offence
  • Report in 1968 made clear discrimination was still continuing
29
Q

5

Explain what happened to Kenyan Asians during the sixties

A
  • Friction between prosperous Asian minority and Black African majority in Kenya
  • Black nationalists intended to expel Asian settlers at independence (Dec 1963)
  • British government agreed to offer British passports to Asian and White British residents in Kenya
  • Between Dec 1967-Feb 1968, 7k entered UK
  • Members of shadow cabinet e.g. Powell called for tighter restrictions
30
Q

4

Describe the Commonwealth Immigration Act 1968

A
  • Only passport holders with ‘substantial connections’ with Britain (by virtue of birth, or their father or grandparents) would be admitted
  • Intended to ease strain on social services
  • East African immigration to Britain reduced to 6-7k
  • Race relations entered political grandstage
31
Q

5

Describe opposition to Commonwealth Immigrants Bill 1968

A
  • Went further than Conservatives had proposed
  • Clear distinctions between Asian/British Kenyans
  • Subsequent impact in Uganda
  • Callgaghan (HS) denounced as reactionary in Labour constituencies
  • However, Labour able to claim moral high ground over Powell’s extremism
32
Q

4

Describe the Race Relations Act 1968

A
  • Extended unlawfullness of discrimination to housing, employment, trade unions, advertising
  • Enforced by Race Relations Board
  • Intended to close loopholes of 1965 act
  • Limit - only one one offender put on trial within first year of passage of Act

Trade unions were previously a hot-belly of racism

33
Q

4

Give examples of racial discrimination (1964-70)

A
  • 1964-65, British version of KKK made brief reappearance
  • National Front (NF) formed in 1967
  • ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech 1968
  • ‘Till Death Us Do Part’ (started 1966) evocative of ethos of time
34
Q

2

Describe the Rivers of Blood speech

A
  • Sacked from shadow cabinet within 48hrs in April 1968
  • Powell gained support from dockers who marched to London
35
Q

4

Outline change in issues of immigration and racism (1964-70)

A
  • Race Relations Act 1965 and 1968
  • Sacking of Powell
  • Notting Hill Carnival, a Carribean festival, became a regular annual event from 1966
  • Emergence of Chinese takeways led to new foodstuffs
36
Q

3

Outline continuity in issues of immigration and racism (1964-70)

A
  • Continuation of restrictions on immigration (Commonwealth Immigration Bill 1968)
  • Continuation of racial discrimination
  • Continued political movements through National Front
37
Q

3

Describe the PEP report 1968

A
  • 1968 Political and Economic Planning (PEP) Report into racial discrimination
  • It investigated six areas of the country and found that discrimination against coloured people operated on ‘substantial scale’
  • difficult to enact change at ground level
38
Q

5

Describe environmentalism in the 1970s

A
  • Rachel Carson’s book Silent Springs 1962 - sounded alarm about decline of birds and linked chemical usage to cancer
  • increasing awareness of DDT
  • 1963, Hunt Saboteurs Association created to carry out DA against fox hunting
  • 1967, Torrey Canyon caused massive oil spill in SW England
  • 1968, campaign book The Population Bomb dramatised environmental threat to overpopulation

British History (36 decks)

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