Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Topic 3 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Topic 3 (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries carry blood

A

away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

veins carry blood

A

towards the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Right heart (pulmonary pump) is what type of blood?

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Left Heart (Systemic pump)

A

oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

do all arteries carry oxygenated blood?

A

no, only systemic arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

AV Valves

A

between atria and ventricles

Right: tricuspid valve

Left: Biscuspid/MITRAL valve

DOES NEED CONNECTIVE TENDONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Semilunar valves

A

btw ventricles and arteries

pulomnary valve

aortic valve

DOES NOT NEED CONNECTIVE TENDONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

STENOSIS

A

narrowing of valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

regurgitation

A

leakiness of valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cardiac cells are…

A

straited

intercalated disks: anchoring structures

mononucleated

more blood vessels and mitochondria

HIGH DEPENDENCE ON OXYGEN, ALMOST EXCULSIVELY AEROBIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cardiac muscle cells linked at junctions called

A

intercalated disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

intercalated disks have _________that transfer force like a shock absorber

A

demosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cardiac muscle has ____ ______ which allow eletrical signals to pass rapidly

A

gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

myogenic

A

a heart can contract without a connection to the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

about 1% of cardiac cells are _____ ___ ________ cells which initiate AP and establish heartbeat rate (queen bees of the heart)

A

autorythmic or pacemaker cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F pacemaker cells don’t contribute to the force of contraction

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ap spread through ___ ____

A

conduction fibers to contracticle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pacemaker cells have ___ (stable/unstable) resting membrane protentials

A

unstable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

contracticle cells have ____(stable/unstable) resting membrane potentials

A

stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

contracticle cells have _______(long/short) lasting AP

A

long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

A

sets heart rate

primary pacemaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Depolarization of the heart spreads through atria via _____ pathway

A

interatrial pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ap spread from the SA to AV node via _____pathways

A

internodal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bundle of HIS

A

only electrical signal btw atria and ventricle. the atria and ventricles are not connected by gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bundle branches

A

propagate signals to ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

the bulk of depolarizatio depends on these fiebrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

path of electrical conductance in the heart

A

1) SA
2) Av
3) Bundle of His
4) Bundle branches
5) Purkinje fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

AV nodal delay

A

ensures atria have ejected blood into the ventricles before ventricles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why does the Electrical activity of the heart spread through the heart in the way it does

A

ventricular contraction starts at the bottom

squeezes blood up and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Backup system for damage along the pacemakeer

A

SA node=primary =70-90

SA damaged? AV node (~50 takes over)

AV damaged? Ventricular autorhythmic cells take over (~30-40)

each step is SLOWER THAN THE LAST SO THAT IT DOESN’T TAKE OVER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

T/F APs are carefully generated in the brain and then sent to the heart because of their unstable membrane potential

A

false, the heart is autorythmic

APs generating spontaneously is called a pacemaker potential

32
Q

T/F Pacemaker cells are innervated by either sympathetic or parasympathetic depending on the person

A

false

all hearts are dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic at the same time

33
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release ___ ____ which acts mainly on ____ _______ receptors in pacemaker cells

A

nor-epinephrine

B1-adrenergic

34
Q

sympathetic innervation does what the heartq

A

increases membrane potential, reaching threshold faster

35
Q

parasympathetic innervation does what to the heart

A

decreases membrane potential taking longer to reach threshold, slowing down the heart

36
Q

In parasympathetic innervation, ACh activates ___ ____ leading to:

increase of ____ permeability, so _________the cell
decrease of ____ permeability

Together this ______ heart rate

A

muscarinic receptors

increase of K+, so hyperpolarizing the cell
decreases Ca2+,

together this decreases heart rate

37
Q

dominant influence on the ehart is _______

A

parasympathetic

the heart has vagal tones

38
Q

What does the long refractory period in the heart cells do/accomplish?

A

stops fused tetanus, which is very important to life.

Also, heart has the ability to relax before another AP (plateau phase)

39
Q

a decrease in Ca2+ stops ___- ____

A

cross bridge cycling, ATP removes tropomyosin from myosin heds

40
Q

L-type Ca2+ channels

A

plateau phase generation

provides majority of Ca2+with SR

41
Q

T/F high frequency of AP in skeletal muscle allows tetany and summation, this occurs in cardiac cells as well and is a frequent birth defect that causes infant death

A

false

CARDIAC CELLS CANNOT HAVE TETANY BECAUSE OF THE LONG REFRACTORY PERIOD IN HEART CELLS

42
Q

PQRST complex

A

sum of electrical activity of the heart

43
Q

the thing with the platauea and end spiky horn is a

A

electrical activity in a single contractile myocyte

44
Q

P=

A

atrial depolarization

45
Q

QRS=

A

ventricular depolarization

46
Q

T=

A

repolarization of the ventricles

47
Q

PR interval

A

atrial contraction

48
Q

QT segment

A

ventricular contraction

49
Q

PR segment=

A

depolarization of AV node

50
Q

ST segment=

A

begining of ventricular repolarization; plateau phase of AP

51
Q

QT interval=

A

plateau phase to repolarization

52
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

53
Q

systole

A

contraction

54
Q

first phase of the cardiac cycle=

A

isovolumetric contraction

55
Q

EDV

A

end diastolic volume=~140 mls

56
Q

ESV

A

End systolic volume= ~60mls

57
Q

what is the equation to calculate amount of blood ejected from ventricle during a contraction

A

SV=EDV-ESV

58
Q

what is stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected from ventricle during a contraction

59
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)=

A

amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute

CO=HR X SV

highly variable

60
Q

Cardiac Reserve

A

the difference btw resting CO and maximal CO

highly variable with fitness level

61
Q

HR is defined by the following characteristics…..

A

activity of sympathetic neurons

levels of circulating epeinephrine-chromaffin-B1&2

activity of parasympathetic neurons

PACEMAKER CELLS

62
Q

Stroke Volume is defined by the following characteristics

A

contractility

pre-load

afterload

CONTRACTILE CELLS

63
Q

How does SNS increase AP of Pacemaker cells?

A

sympathetic postganglionic fibers release nor-epinephrine mainly on B-1 adrenergic receptors

eventually speeds up rate of entry of Na+ and Ca2+

which in turns increases heart rate dramatically

64
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of pacemaker cells

ACh activates _____________ leading to

increase in _________, so hyperpolarizing the cell (_______ leaving)
decreases __________ permeability (_________to reach threshold_)

_________ heart rate

A

ACh activates muscarinic receptors leading to

increase in K+ permeability, so hyperpolarizing the cell (K+ leaving)
decreases Ca2+ permeability (harder to reach threshold_)

decreases heart rate

65
Q

contractility

A

capacity of muscle to generate force; sympathetic input

66
Q

preload

A

the degree of myocardial stretch caused by venous return (EDV)

67
Q

afterload

A

the arterial presure against which the ventricles pump (how much force is needed)

68
Q

Sympathetic nervous system releases________and cause the atria and ventricle to ______ ____ ____ ______

______ _____ _______binds to_____ ________receptors on myocardium and activates cAMP 2nd messenger system, which activates a protein kinase

A

Sympathetic nervous system releases NE and cause the atria and ventricle to contract with more force

NE (or E) binds to B1-adrenergic receptors on myocardium and activates cAMP 2nd messenger system, which activates a protein kinase

69
Q

Contractility has 4 steps, what are they

A

1)/2) increase Ca2+ influx from ECF/SR
3) increase myosin ATPase activity increasing crossbride cycling
4)increase speed of Ca2+ re-uptake by phosphrolyating Ca2+ Atpase (increases rate of relaxation)

70
Q

tension is elated to amount of______ ______ More _____means more binding sites free to participate in crossbridge cycling and more force generated. Which sympathetic innervation, ______ ____ ______ increase

A

tension is elated to amount of corsbridge cycling. More Ca2+ means more binding sites free to participate in crossbridge cycling and more force generated. Which sympathetic innervation, HR and force increase

71
Q

How is SV affected by preload?

A

central venous pressue (pressure of blood contained in the large veins)

as CVP rises more blood flows in to the aria and so venous return increases, thereby increasing preload

72
Q

Venous return is also affected by…

A

1) skeletal muscle pump- muscles squeeze veins and push blood up towards the heart

2) respiratory pump- increasing volume of thorax during inspiration, decreases pressure in the thorax and facilitates venous return

3) increased pressure on abdominal veins- during inspiration facilitates return (below diaphragm)

73
Q

How does increasing the EDV increase SV?

A

increases the volume of blood inside heart (increasing EDV) causes heart muscle to stretch

causes a MORE FORCEFUL contraction by letting MORE CA2+ into the cell, increasing crossbridge cycling

74
Q

Afterload

A

force the ventricles must generate to eject blood into arteries

75
Q

Aterial hypertension

A

reduces the ability of the ventricles to eject blood (creates back pressure)

76
Q

Afterload=

A

reduced Sv and increased ESV

Physiology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions