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Physiology > Section 3 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Section 3 (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

How much water is in the human body?

A

60 percent

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2
Q

what is the conversion btw lbs to kg

A

divide kg by 2.2

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3
Q

How do we measure the concentration of water in the body?

A

dilution method

feed the subject with labeled water, wait for it to equilibrate, take a sample of body water and measure the concentration

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4
Q

ex prob) 200 MBq of 3H20, blood sample ws taken with a concentration of 3 h20/ 4 MBq/L

what is the TBW?

A

200/4
=50 L

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5
Q

ECF compartments and measurements of body water

A

ECF= 1/3
plasma= 1/3 ECF
Interstital fluid= 4/5 ECF

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6
Q

ICF is how much of TBW?

A

2/3

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7
Q

the ICF and ECF rule can be applied to everyone (T/F)

A

False, it can only be applied to a normal person

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8
Q

Passive diffusion includes

A

small polar molecules CAN PASS THROUGH MEMBRANE

(h20, Urea and ethanol)

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9
Q

Hydrophobic molecules can (easily/hardly) enter the cell

A

easily like steriods

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10
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

family of membrane channels

specifically help diffusion of water but exclude ions

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

makes it quickly, even though it is polar

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11
Q

What are the two types of aquaporins?

A

constitutive-always on

recruitable- move in and out depending on cells needs

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12
Q

explain nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

A

a mutation in the AQP2 gene (aquaporin). Subjects are unable to concentrate urine because the aquaporins are adding too much water. (subject is always dehydrated)

AQP2 is supposed to help reabsorb water from urine, but nephrogenic diabetes insipidous mutates AQP2

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13
Q

osmosis

A

passage of water from high to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

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14
Q

molarity is

A

moles of solution
______________
liter of solution

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15
Q

osmolarity

A

measures the number of osmoles of solute particles
____________________________
unit volume of solution

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16
Q

molarity measures….

A

number of moles of solute
___________________
unit volume of solution

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17
Q

Convert to Osm
1M glucose

A

1 Osm

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18
Q

Convert to Osm
1M NaCl

A

2 Osm

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19
Q

Convert to Osm
1M MgC12 solution

A

3 Osm

20
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

pressure that must be applied to the solution to prevent the net flow of water

remember U tube

21
Q

the HIGHER the osmolarity the ___________ the water concentration

A

LOWER

22
Q

Tonicity

A

is the ability of a solution to cause water movement

greater the osmolarity, the more likely to cause water movement

23
Q

If the ECF is hypertonic, what will happen to the cell

A

water will move out

24
Q

If the ECF is hypotonic, what will happen to the cell

A

water will move in

25
Q

If the ECF is isotonic, what will happen to the cell

A

water will do nothing

26
Q

Hypotonic saline is used to treat patients with ___________ ______

A

Hypertonic ECF (hyper and hypo will balance each other out)

27
Q

Hypertonic saline is used to treat patients with ______ ______

A

cerebral edema (swelling of the brain), and airways of CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS

28
Q

Vasopressin

A

peptide hormone (on cell surface, polar)

binds to receptor on the cell’s surface

Brings water in body (aquaporins)

29
Q

Aldosterone

A

steroid hormone (fatty, non-polar, crosses membrane easily)

enters into cell to bind to intracellular receptor usually receptor

Isotonically brings in Na+ and H2O

30
Q

high osmolarity (less water) VP neurons ______ VP and retain water at kidney

A

increase VP

31
Q

low osmolarity (more water) VP neurons _______ VP release and pee out more water

A

decrease VP

32
Q

high osmolarity (less water) ADH neurons ______ ADH and retain water at kidney

A

increase ADH

33
Q

low osmolarity (more water) ADH neurons _______ ADH release and pee out more water

A

decrease ADH

34
Q

Neuronal Diabetes Insipidus _____secretion of VP

A

decrease

35
Q

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus _______of the kidney to respond normally to VP

A

inability

36
Q

Aldosterone

A

steroid receptor

released by adrenal cortex

up sodium and water follows (isotonic movement)

(drew a picture and I have a horrible feeling this will be on the exam {section 3, pg 54})

37
Q

Vasopressin is released by changes in _______

A

osmolarity

38
Q

Vasopressin impacts _______ at the level of ______

A

aquaporin

kidney

39
Q

Aldosterone is released by the ______ and causes ______ of Na and ______

A

adrenal gland

isotonic movement

Na and WATER

40
Q

A person comes in and is very dehydrated (low VP levels). Where is the issues in the body?

A

not secreting VP, not releasing VP in the adrenal gland

41
Q

Hypotonic=

A

osmolarity is decreased (specifically ECF)

ICF is always increased (water into cells)

42
Q

hypertonic=

A

osmolarity is increased (specifically ECF)

ICF is always decreased (water out of cells)

43
Q

Isotonic dehydration can occur from

A

diarrhea and vomiting (no water replaced)

44
Q

Hypotonic solution can occur from

A

only after Isotonic Dehydration.

lost liquid and replaced with pure water with NO OSMOLES

45
Q

How can hypertonic dehydration occur?

A

run a marathon, no H20 replaced

fall asleep on a beach

46
Q

how can hypotonic overhydration occur?

A

over-drink water like on a fad diet
increases vasopressin (can occur when someone is on ecstacy)

no mOsm

47
Q

how can hypertonic overhydration occur?

A

ingesting really really salty water.

Physiology (14 decks)

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