Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Section 5 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Section 5 (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Which stages of cellular respiration do red blood cells go through?

A

only glycolysis

they don’t have mitochondria (the place where the Krebs Cycle happens)

anaerobic environment so no oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Catacylysm does what?

A

destroys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

anabolism does what?

A

builds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glycogen is the _____ form of _____

A

storage form of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define ATP

A

primary molecule that stores energy from breakdown of Carbs, Fats and Proteins

ADDS A PHOSPHATE GROUP TO MOLECULES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the first metabolic pathway?

A

Glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Glycolysis operates only on ______

A

carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation occur in the _______

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which metabolic processes need oxygen and which don’t

A

glycolysis does not need oxygen, but the Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation require oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name the twho processes of ATP synthesis

A

1) Substrate level phosphorylation
-donation of phosphate group from a substrate to ADP (ADP->ATP)

2) Oxidative Phosphorylation
-requires oxygen, coenzymes and ETC (BULK OF ENERGY)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

______ is an organic molecule that directly participates as one of the as one of the substrates in a reaction

A

conenzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Coenzymes are derived from several members of a special class of nutrients known as ______

A

vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Transfer hydrogen from one substrate to another produces what?

A

large amounts of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

NADH is what vitamin

A

B3

derived from Niacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

FADH

Vitamin?

Derived from?

A

derived from riboflavin

vitamin b2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Carbs are ____ molecules

A

polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lipids are ______ molecules which includes…..

A

non-polar

includes triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids and steriods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

proteins are made up of __ different AA linked by _____ bonds

A

20

peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

conenzymes play a role in the generation of energy through _____ _____

A

oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the __________ and produces

A

occurs in the cytoplasm

converted to 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Krebs cycle occurs in the ______ and produces

A

mitochondria
2-> to 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs in the _______ and produces

A

inner mitochondrial membrane and produces

10 NADH and 2 FADH2 converted to 34 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Glucose travels down concentration gradient of ECF into the ____ of the ICF

A

travels in into GLUT transporters

facilitated diffusion

24
Q

hexokinase adds a phosphate group in to the ______ ______ _____

A

G-6-phosphate

25
Q

how does the cell make sure G-6-P does not leave the cell?

A

cell phosphorylates

26
Q

T/F energy is used in glycolysis

A

true

27
Q

what is an example of negative feedback to inhibit?

A

G6P can negatively feedback to inhibit hexokinase

28
Q

G6P is converted by ______ into F6P

A

phospho gluco isomer ase

CAN WORK IN BOTH DIRECTIONS

29
Q

F6P is converted by _________ into ____ and ____
bonus is energy used?

A

converted by phospho fructo kinase

into F1 and 6-P, P

energy is used

enzyme is highly regulated by ATP and citrate

30
Q

what happens to f-1, 6-P, P?

A

cleaved between the 3&4 carbons to create two 3 carbon molecules

31
Q

What is Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

A

our molecule of interest

eventually everything else will become this

overall we will have two of these and will TURN INTO PYRUVATE MOLECULES

32
Q

What is the net gain of Glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP net gain (made 4 but used 2)

33
Q

What is the gain of the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

2 pyruvate converted 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP

34
Q

how much mitochondria are in a typical cell

A

about 2,000

35
Q

What happens to pyruvate b4 the kreb cycle even begins?

A

it is transferred into the mitochondria by a pyruvate carrier protein

36
Q

What is the Linking Step?

A

Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA and NADH by pyruvate Dehydrogenase

37
Q

What does the Kreb’s cycle give for ONE TURN?

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP

38
Q

how many turns does the Krebs cycle do from the glycolysis

A

TWO TURNS BECAUSE 2 PYRUVATE IS CREATED FROM GLYCOLYSIS

39
Q

In the ETC how much does 1 NADH make
how much does 1 FADH2 make?

A

1 NADH=3 ATP
1FADH2=2ATP

40
Q

How much is made after the ETC

A

10 NADH —> 30 ATP

2 FADH2 —> 4 ATP

41
Q

How much ATP is made from ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE?

A

38 ATP

42
Q

In glycolysis, ATP forms by ___ ____ ______

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

43
Q

What product would not form if phosphoglucoisomerase was inhibited?

A

F-C-6

44
Q

What are the main steps in lipolysis?

A

1) breakdown of the glycerol backbone
2) glycerol is phosph- by glycerol kinase to produce glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (enters the glycolysis pathway)
3)Fatty acid tails enter beta oxidation to generate the bulk of the ATP

45
Q

What is lipolysis

A

breakdown of lipid

(breakdown of GLYCEROL and FATTY ACIDS)

46
Q

lipases definition and function

A

def) enzymes secreted by the pancreas

func) cleaves the glycerol from the fatty acid tails

Glycerol backbone is then phosphorylated by glycerol KINASE

47
Q

lipases definition and function

A

def) enzymes secreted by the pancreas

func) cleaves the glycerol from the fatty acid tails

Glycerol backbone is then phosphorylated by glycerol KINASE ((REQUIRES ATP))

48
Q

lipolysis requires atp? t/f

A

true

49
Q

Glycerol backbone once phosphorylated becomes ____ ___ ____

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

thats our target protein (in glycolysis)!

50
Q

Where will most of the bulk energy come from?

A

cleaving of the fatty acid tail from glycerol

51
Q

Explain Beta oxidation (produces?)

A

every 2 carbons in the fatty acid tail will do this

for each cycle—-
1 NADH
1 FADH2
1 Acetyl CoA (from Krebs Cycle)

52
Q

Proteolysis

A

breakdown of proteins for energy

protease enzymes breakdown the peptide bonds btw AA

can enter krebs cycle to generate ATP

53
Q

Glycogen

A

main storage form of glucose

stored in the liver and the skeletal muscle

54
Q

Glycogenesis

A

process of synthesizing glycogen

important to attach g-6-P to glycogen because this creates one molecule instead of many (why? osmolarity would increase and water would rush into the cell and it would burst)

55
Q

high levels of glucose in the blood simulates ____ which then acts on liver cell to help simulate ____ _____

which then increases the amount of glucose storage

A

a) insulin
b) glycogen synthase

56
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breaking down glucose

pancreas can also help

57
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

making of glucose that is NOT from stored glycogen
most in liver

reactions generate PYRUVATE

Physiology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions