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Physiology > Respiratory System Topic 3 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Topic 3 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The Purpose of the Respiratory System?

A

gas exchange
acid-base balance
vocalization
thermoregulation
water balance

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2
Q

The conducting zone is made up of the…..

A

larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, secondary, bronchus,

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3
Q

The Respiratory Zone is made up of the…..

A

Bronchiole and Alveoli

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4
Q

Type I Alveoli Cells

A

thin, fused membrane= gas exchange

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5
Q

Type II Alveoli Cells

A

secrete surfactant, wandering macrophages

(water increases distance O2 has to move ‘pulmonary Edema’) it also increases MAP and blood goes into alveoli making it a heart failure

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6
Q

Plueral Sac

A

fluid sac btw lung and ribs

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7
Q

Visceral pluera

A

attached to the lungs and the parietal pleura is
attached to the interior of the ribs and intercostal muscles, as well
as the top of the diaphragm.

lubricates lung, interplural pressure Pip

prevents friction creates pressure to expand
Plungs-Penvionrment-=collapsed lung

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8
Q

The conducting zone is the low area and high resistance (=little gas exchange) section of the respiratory system from the larynx to the bronchioles. _______ ______ _______ in the conducting zone transport junk up and out of the lungs.

A

Ciliated and goblet cells

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9
Q

What is Boyles Law

A

Volume and Pressure are inversely related

up pressure=down volume

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10
Q

Patm

A

Atmospheric pressure

760 @ sea level
585 @ laramie

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11
Q

Palv

A

Alveolar Pressure

alter according to Boyle’s Law

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12
Q

Pip

A

Intrapleural Pressure

can alter to Boyle’s Law

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13
Q

Transpulmonary=

A

=Palv-Pip

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14
Q

Delta P=0

A

no flow

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15
Q

Delta P> 0

A

flow OUT lungs

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16
Q

Delta P< 0

A

INTO lungs

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17
Q

Inspiration uses what muscles….

A

diaphragm and EXTERNAL intercostals

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18
Q

Expiration uses what muscles….

A

abdominal, INTERNAL intercostals

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19
Q

In Beginning Inspiration…

A

Change in pressure=0

Pip=-4 (always negative relative to Patm)

NO AIRFLOW

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20
Q

In Mid Inspiration

A

Increase Volume in alveoli and plueral Space, Decreased Pressure

Change in pressure= negative

AIRFLOW IN

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21
Q

In End of Inspiration, Beginning of Expiration….

A

change in pressure =0

no flow

maximal tension

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22
Q

In Mid Expiration

A

down volume in Alveoli
up pressure in alveoli

change in pressure= positive

air flow out

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23
Q

What does Pip matter?

A

A negative intrapleural pressure is critical for keeping the lungs
inflated. Puncture of the pleural sac results in lung collapse
(pneumothorax).

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24
Q

if someone where to get mucous in their lungs, with no other change, what would happen to FLOW?

A

it would decrease

delta P=Flow * Resistance
or
Flow= Delta P/ Resistance

If you increase resistance (by adding mucous) and not change anything else, your flow/F will be dramatically decreased

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25
Q

Compliance of the lungs depends on what 2 factors?

A

material properties of the lung

and

Surface Tension (main one)

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26
Q

Compliance formula

A

change in volume
change in pressure

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27
Q

an example of a stiff lung would be…

A

fibrosis and IRDS (Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

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28
Q

An example of a ‘loose lung’

A

smoking, easy to take in hard to push out

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29
Q

What is surface tension?

A

water molecules wanting to stick together

Surface Tension of fluid in lungs wants to collapse lungs

PRIMARY DETERMINANT OF LUNG COMPLIANCE

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30
Q

Why don’t our lungs collapse”?

A

1) Intraplueral pressure is negative
2) lung surfactant secreted by Type II cells reduce Surface Tensino

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31
Q

IRDS

A

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome

deficiency in lung surfactant, leading cause of death for preterm infants

treated with cow surfactant and positive pressure ventilation

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32
Q

Compliance is the change in ______ relative to a change in ______ and is a measure of the elasticity of the lungs.

Determined by __________, but mainly by ____ ______

A

volume; pressure

matieral properties of the lungs but MAINLY surface tension

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33
Q

Lung surfactant is secreted by what type of cells

A

type II cells

minimizes surface tension and increases compliance

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34
Q

IRDS is caused by….

A

a deficiency in production of lung surfactant in pre-term infants

35
Q

VC

A

Vital Capacity

36
Q

Vt

A

Tidal Volume

37
Q

IRV

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

38
Q

ERV

A

expiratory Reserve Volume

39
Q

What is a normal Vt

A

500 ml

40
Q

FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

great at measuring resistance

will change with Asthma

41
Q

FVC

A

forced vital capacity

measure of total lung capacity or total lung volukme

42
Q

asthma

A

bronchial smooth muscle spasms

43
Q

bronchitis

A

excessive mucus production

44
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

overproduction of mucous in lungs

45
Q

A lung disease is defined as..

A

Fev1/FVC * 100% < 80% (which is the normal)

46
Q

Emphysema

A

increased compliance, (easy to inflate hard to deflate)
increased resistance (buildup of mucous)

RESTRICTIVE and OBSTRUCTIVE

Also known as smokers lung

47
Q

obstructive respiratory disease

A

ashtma, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis

increased resistance in airways

48
Q

restrictive respiratory disease

A

IRDS, asbestosis

decreased FVC

49
Q

RR

A

respiratory rate

50
Q

MV

A

minute ventilation

51
Q

DSV

A

dead space volume

inhaled air that does not take part in gas exchange

52
Q

AV

A

alveolar ventilation

53
Q

Spirometry is useful for…

A

quick measurements

disease diagnosis

54
Q

List the order of gas commonality

A

Nitrogen 78
Oxygen 20.95
Carbon Dioxide 0.037
Trace Gasses
Water

55
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its components

TOTAL PRESSURE=SUM OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

56
Q

Why doesn’t Alveolar P02=160 mmHg?

A

1)mixing of fresh and stale air
2) Water Vapor Pressure
3) Ptot=Pn+Po+Ph2o (dalton’s Law)

57
Q

Henry’s law

A

the concentration of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to its solubility and its partial pressure

[gas concentration]=(solubility of gas at room temp)*(Partial pressure of gas in atm)

58
Q

T/F Gases differ in solubility such that, even at the same partial pressure, their concentrations in solution will be the same

A

false

59
Q

What is decompression sickness?

A

also called the bends

divers get it when they rise to the surface too quickly, you get N2 bubbles in joints and lungs and kills you

use a decompression room to fix

60
Q

Why is Henry’s Law important?

A

O2 and CO2 must diffuse btw alveolar air and capillary blood

pressure gradients btw the two drive gas exchange

basically allows you O2 and CO2 to move through your blood system

61
Q

t/f atm pressure does not change with elevation but fractional composition does

A

false

its the opposite

62
Q

k=

A

carrying capacity of Hb

1.3 ml O2/g Hb

63
Q

[Hb]

A

Hb concentration

150 g Hb/L

64
Q

Hbsat

A

fractional saturation of Hb (DEPENDS on PO2)

98% in alveoli

65
Q

Binding of O2 to Hb is ______

meaning that Hb affinity for O2 increases when there is already an O2 on the molecule due to changes in conformation

A

COOPERATIVE

basically a party bus

66
Q

Shifts in the Oxygen Hemoglobin dissociation curve changes what

A

the loading and unloading of O2 by Hb

67
Q

up temp=

A

right shift

68
Q

down temp=

A

left shift

69
Q

Carbamino Effect

A

up PCO2= right shift

down PCO2= left shift

70
Q

Bohr Effect

A

down pH= right shift
up pH= left shift

decreases Hb’s affinity for O2

71
Q

2,3-DPG

A

binds to center of Hb molecule, changing conformation and DECREASING AFFINITY FOR O2

up=right shift

down=left shift

caused by altitude and anemia

72
Q

Explain Monoxide Poisioning

A

Hb has a higher affinity for CO2 rather than O2 so when CO2 gets hold of Hb (when you breathe it in), it will not let go and you will suffocate to death, even when you are breathing

73
Q

How much CO2/min does your tissues produce?

A

200 ml

74
Q

How do you transport CO2 from the tissues to the lungs where it can be expelled?

A

CO2 dissolved in plasma -29 ml/L
CO2 bound to Hb (carbamino Hb) -30 ml/L
HCO3 in plasma -450 ml/L

75
Q

What are the steps in CO2 transport?

A

1) CO2 diffues from tissue to RBC
2) Carbonic Anhydrase inside RBC converts CO2 to HCO3-
3) HCO3 is moved to plasma in exchange for Cl- (chloride shift)

76
Q

What are the steps in Involuntary Control of Respiration?

A

1) Central/Peripheral Chemorepetors sense a change in CO2 levels in blood
2)Central Pattern Generator
3) Dorsal and Ventral Respiratory Groups (DRP/VRG)
4) Activate Respirtaory Muscles

77
Q

In the lungs, diffusion of CO2 from plasma to ____ drives the process in reverse

A

alveoli

78
Q

Control of Respiration is only voluntary

A

false, also involuntary

79
Q

CPG

A

Central Pattern Generator in Medulla

generates regular pattern which controls DRG and VRG neurons which stimulate motor neurons and maintain a normal breathing rhythm.

80
Q

What signals tell the medulla to change ventilation?

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors!

81
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors are….

A

in the carotid bodies that respond to changes in PO2, PCO2, and pH

are in direct contact with blood

Have afferents to the medullary respiratory control regions

increased activation=increased ventilation

82
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors respond to very low _____ _____

A

arterial PO2

only when very low (under 60 mmHg)

they are also very sensitive to CO2 & the effect it has on pH

BUILDUP OF CO2 CAUSES EXHALATION, (not lack of O2)

83
Q

Central Chemoreceptors respond to

A

CO2/ [H+]

H+ cant cross BBB

CO2 crosses BBB and gets converted to bicarbonate and H+

CChemorecptors respond to H+ concentration in medulla

84
Q

In involunatary control, what maintains a regular pattern to maintain a normal breathing rythm?

A

CPG

Central Pattern Generator

Physiology (14 decks)

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