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Physiology > Topic 2 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Topic 2 (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

long and straight, multi=nucleated is what type of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal muscle

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2
Q

cardiac muscle has what?

A

branches, striations, intercalated discs

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3
Q

describe smooth muscle tissue in general

A

looks like messed up snake skin

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4
Q

what is skeletal muscle activated by?

A

lower motor neurons (somatic efferents)

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5
Q

what is smooth muscle responsible for?

A

movement of material in and out of our body

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6
Q

Cardiac and smooth muscle is driven by what nervous system?

A

visceral efferents.

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7
Q

skeletal tissue is innervated by _________ nervous system

A

somatic

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8
Q

fasicles

A

bundles of muscle fibers

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9
Q

muscle fiber

A

muscle cell

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10
Q

myofibrils

A

overlapping thick and thin filaments

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11
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle cell plasma membrane

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12
Q

sarcoplasm

A

muscle cell cytoplsam

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13
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

muscle ER

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14
Q

motor unit

A

a motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

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15
Q

what are the two muscle contractile proteins

A

actin (thin)

myosin (thick)

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16
Q

actin is ___filament

A

thin

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17
Q

myosin is ____filament

A

thick

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18
Q

muscle regulatory proteins are

A

troponin; tropomyosin (on actin)

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19
Q

sarco and myo refer to ___

A

muscle

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20
Q

what is the arrangement of a muscle?
1-2-3-4-5

A

muscle body, fasicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, actin/myosin

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21
Q

myofibrils are composed of fundamental units called ____

A

sarcomeres

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22
Q

thin to thick filament exist in what ratio?

A

2 thin filamnet to every 1 thick

“not everyone can have a phat Az”

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23
Q

What does the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum do?

A

wraps around each myofibril
overlays thick and thin filaments
stores Ca2+

works with T-tubules

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24
Q

what are t-tubules?

A

“transverse tubules”

hole in sarcolemma

allows APs from neuromuscular junction to reach interior of cell quickly

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25
Q

What does the Myosin (thick) head do?

A

binds actin
binds ATP
has ATPase activity

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26
Q

ATPase

A

hydrolyzes atp for energy

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27
Q

myosin head is also called a

A

crossbrigde

or two nutsacks

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28
Q

contractile protein contains

A

g-actin

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29
Q

regulatory protiens need

A

tropomyosin and troponin

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30
Q

Troponin (CAT)

A

binds Ca 2+
binds actin
binds tropomyosin

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31
Q

tropomyosin (total bitch)

A

blocks actin binding sites
stops contraction
stiffens and supports actin

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32
Q

t/f each actin has a myosin binding site

A

true

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33
Q

During contraction, ______ filaments slide over _____ filaments toward the center of the sarcomere. What happens to the length of the sarcomere?

A

thin slides over thick

length shortens

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34
Q

In sliding filament theory, I band_____

A

shrinks/disappears

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35
Q

In sliding filament theory, H band_____

A

in thick

shrinks

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36
Q

H-zone

A

only thick filaments (no overlap)

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37
Q

I band (light band)

A

only thin filaments (no overlap with myosin)

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38
Q

A-band

A

thick and thin filaments, spans the entire length of myosin, has some actin overlap

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39
Q

z-lines

A

anchor the thin filaments. Sarcomere boundary

Thick filaments don’t change length. Actin slides over the myosin

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40
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

looks like a big monster that connects to muscle fibers to release ca2+

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41
Q

t/f each muscle fiber recives info from multiple nuerons

A

false

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42
Q

What is the dummed down version of the 7 steps of excitation-contraction sequences

A

1)RELEASE THE KRACKENNN
ACh released, binds to nicotinic on motor end plate

2) LIGHT THE FIRES
ACh opens cation channels, gives AP down muscle fiber

3) TELL THE BASE
AP falls into T-Tubule, activates DHP receptors

4) CALL THE TROOPS
DHP receptors attach to Ca, SR gates open and Ca is
released

5) BREAK THE OARS
Ca binds to troponin, pulls of tropomyosin off the actin
binding site allowing cross bride cycling to occur

6) ROW MEN
myosin executes power stroke

7) FORWARD, UNTO DAWN
actin filaments slide toward the center of the sarcomere

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43
Q

Explain the various parts of the Myosin head

A

binds actin
binds ATP
has ATPase activity

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44
Q

ATPase

A

hydrolyzes ATP for energy

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45
Q

myosin head is also called a _______

A

crossbridge

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46
Q

Regulatory proteins of Muscle contractile proteins

A

CAT
binds Ca2+
binds Actin
bind Tropomyosin

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47
Q

What does Tropomyosin do in muscle contractile proteins

A

blocks actin binding sites
stops contraction
stiffens and supports actin

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48
Q

t/f each g-actin has a myosin binding site

A

true

49
Q

contractile protein is _________

A

G-actin

50
Q

regulatory protein of muscle contractile proteins is ___ and ____

A

tropomyosin and troponin

51
Q

Explain the Sliding Filament Theory of Contraction

A

THIN slides over THICK

length of sarcomere shortens

H and I bands disapeers/shrinks

52
Q

H-zone;

A

only thick filaments (no overlap with actin)

53
Q

I band

A

only thin filaments (no overlap with myosin)

54
Q

A Band

A

thick and thin filaments, spans the entire length of myosin, has some actin overlap

55
Q

Z-lines

A

anchor the thin filaments. Sarcomere boundary

thick filaments don’t change length

56
Q

The neuromuscular junction has a _______ receptor which is classified under the _____ receptor cateogroy

A

nicotinic receptor

cholergenic

57
Q

each motor neuron innervates ______muscle fiber(s)

A

several

58
Q

each muscle fiber receives innervation from ______motor neuron(s)

A

one

59
Q

What is Excitation-Contraction Coupling

A

events that link AP to muscle contraction

we must fire the somatic motor neuron first

60
Q

Excitation Contraction Sequence:

1) ___ is released from axon terminal of ____neuron

A

ACh; motor

61
Q

Ca2+ binds to _____ and pulls the ____ of the _____ on the ______

A

calcium binds to troponin and pulls the tropomyosin off the binding site on the actin

62
Q

how is Ca pumped into the SR

A

using Ca2+ ATPase

63
Q

a single contraction-relaxation cycle is called a

A

twitch

64
Q

_______break down ACh in the synapse into acetate and choline

A

Cholinesterases

65
Q

when AP generation stops, it causes ___ ____ _____ on the SR to close

A

ryanodine ca channels

66
Q

pumping Ca into the SR requires _____

A

ATP

67
Q

DHP receptor acts as a ____ ____ that, when activated, induces a conformational change in the ___ ____ to cause Ca release from the SR

A

voltage sensor

ryanodine receptor

68
Q

Rigor MOrtis

A

postmortem stiffening of body muscle due to chemical changes in myofibrils

69
Q

Why does rigor mortis stiffen muscles?

A

no oxygen to generate ATP to release myosin heads

no ATP to fuel calcium ATPase, calcium increases in cytoplasm and myosin is glued onto actin binding sites

70
Q

Explain why Sarin Gas is deadly

A

too much ACh, keeps generating APs=continued contraction

which means no heart beat, no breathing no nothing

71
Q

Curare is a ________ _______ ________; why is it deadly?

A

nicotinic receptor antagonist

ACh can’t bind to Nicotinic receptor, can’t contract, can’t move

blow dart herb tribe thing

72
Q

Why does Botox work?

A

ACh is blocked from release in the motor neuron on the muscle

fixes migranes, excessive sweating, surgeries,

73
Q

Where do muscles get ATP?

A

Creatine Phosphate

Anaerobic-Glucose

Aerobic-cellular respiration

74
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

quick energy=creatine phosphate

limited so we quickly switch to metabolism

75
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

glycogen-glucose

first few seconds of exercise

not enough O2?=glucose breakdown=lactic acid buildup

ineffienct, fast but not sustainable

useful for high-intensity exercise

76
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

after glycogen is depleted

after about 30 minutes

yeild high ATP, but sluggish

useful for low intensity

does not cause lactic acid

77
Q

tension

A

force exerted on an object by contracting muscle

78
Q

load

A

force exerted on muscle by an object

79
Q

isotonic contraction

A

sliding of thin filaments

contraction where muscle shortens while load remains constant

ex picking up a heavy object

80
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

contraction when muscle develops but does not change length

ex standing

81
Q

T/F the electrochemical and mechanical events in isometric and isotonic contraction are different.

A

false

the electrochemical and mechanical events in isometric and isotonic contraction are the same, the RESULT IS DIFFERENT

82
Q

What are some factors that affect whole muscle tension/force and active cross bridge generation

A

tension (or force) generated in individual muscle fibers and number of muscle fibers contracted

1) Tension from each fiber
2) AP frequency
3) fiber length
4) fiber diameter

83
Q

force of contraction (increases/decreases) with fiber diameter

A

increases

84
Q

force of contraction (increases/decreases) with frequency of AP

A

increases

there’s a latent period after AP before muscle tension developes

85
Q

why does increasing frequency of APs cause an increase in tension?

A

Ca2+ release from the SR greater than Ca2+ reuptake into SR.

IF can’t remove Ca2+ the muscle fiber cannot completly relax.

86
Q

tetanus

A

summate twitches until you reach the maximum tension for that muscle

unfused and fused

87
Q

fused tension

A

no ability to relax

88
Q

unfused tension

A

some ability to relax

89
Q

force of contraction (increases/decreases) with fiber length

A

increase

90
Q

more cross bridges =

A

more force

91
Q

fine motor control ex

A

fingertips

92
Q

gross motor control

A

hamstring

93
Q

all muscle fibers fire at the same time to generate force

A

false

94
Q

three broad groups of muscle fibers are based on speed of contraction and resistance to fatigue

A

1) slow twitch oxidative fibers
2) fast twitch oxidative
3) fast twitch glycolytic

95
Q

Speed of Contraction:

A

depends on isoform of MYOSIN ATPase,

fast myosin ATPase hydrolyzes ATP quickly

genetically determined

96
Q

Resistance to Fatigue

A

depends on which metabolic pathway is used

oxidative or glycolytic

97
Q

myoglobin

A

a red protein containng heme, which carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells

slow twitch oxidative

98
Q

Oxidative FIbers

A

red muscle

slow twitch

small diameter

many mitochondria and capillaries

myoglobin

marathon runner

99
Q

Glycolytic Fibers

A

white muscle

fast-twitch

glycolytic enzymes in the cytosol

large diameter

few mitochondira and capillaries

weightlifting

100
Q

slow twitch oxidative fibers (Type I)

A

smallest motor units; most commonly used; posture

101
Q

Fast Twitch Oxidative Fibers (Type IIa)

A

intermediate motor units (walking)

trainable

have some glycolytic enzymes, less myoglobin

102
Q

Fast Twitch glycolytic fibers (Type IIb)

A

largest motor units

least used (jumping)

103
Q

Why would you want to change types of active motor units?

A

so that muscle activity could be altered

104
Q

a marathon runner would have a lot of ______ _____ ______ _____ muscle fiber

A

fast oxidative Type IIa

105
Q

Arnold Shwaznegger has a lot of ____ ____ ____ muscle fiber

A

fast glycolytic Type IIb

106
Q

T/F as more force is needed more motor units are recruited starting with the smallest (Type I/ Slow oxidative)

A

True

107
Q

muscle hypertrophy

A

increase in muscle size

Fast Glycolytic Type IIb

108
Q

Most trainable muscle is

A

Type IIa

109
Q

Key characteristics of smooth muscle

A

lacks straitions, no sarcomeres

internal organs

not under somatic control

allows contraction in many different directions

110
Q

In Smooth muscle…..

ATPase of the myosin is much _______(slower/faster) and the contraction phase of the twitch is much ______(slower/faster)

A

ATPase=slower

twitch=longer

111
Q

In Smooth muscle…..

There are ___- _______ _______ in the myosin head (specificically in the myosin light chains)

A

small regulatory protein chains

112
Q

In Smooth muscle…..

T/F they have more SR

A

false,

they have less SR

113
Q

Two types of smooth muscle

A

multi-unit

single-unit

114
Q

Multi-Unit

A

smooth muscle

iris, eye, testicular tract

WHERE FINE CONTROL IS NEEDED

115
Q

Single Unit (visercal)

A

GI tract, uterus, bladder

COUPLED BY GAP JUNCTIONS (so all tissue behaves like a single unit)

116
Q

What does multi-unit smooth muscle look like?

A

woven tapestry with autonomic neuron varicosity woven between cells

117
Q

What does a single-unit smooth muscle look like?

A

a beaded curtain with a string of autonomic neuron varicosity laced over the top.

118
Q

How is smooth muscle different from skeletal muscle

A

smooth:
lacks striatations
no T-tubule system
no troponin (uses Calmodulin as Ca2+ binding protein)
inner and outer Ca2+
autonomic nervous system
less SR

119
Q

MLCK

A

myosin light chain kinase

phosphorylates myosin light chains, allowing myosin and actin to interact (very similar to troponin in skeletal muscle)

Physiology (14 decks)

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