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Physiology > Section 2 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Section 2 (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Solutes

A

things dissolved in a liquid

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2
Q

solvent

A

liquid in which solutes are dissolved in

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3
Q

Solution

A

solutes dissolve in a solvent to form a solution (both together)

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4
Q

Passive Diffusion

A

simple diffusion
no ATP

net movement until the concentration is equal (dynamic equilibrium)

rapid over short distances

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5
Q

T/F passive diffusion can occur in open space or through a partition

A

True

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6
Q

What level of permeability through the membrane?

small molecules (CO2 and O2)

A

HIGH

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7
Q

What level of permeability through the membrane?

charged molecueles and large polar molecules

A

cannot diffuse through lipid bilayers

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8
Q

What level of permeability through the membrane?

small polar molecules (H2O)

A

have certain permeability,

usually have to helped

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9
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

involves carriers, no energy,

ex) channels/ion channels

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10
Q

Ion Channel Specificity

A

Selectivity Filter (size and charge )

Gates (open and closed)

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11
Q

Ligand-Gated

A

binding of specific molecules to channel protein which changes the receptor shape and allows it to pass through (lock and key)

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12
Q

Voltage Gated

A

changes in the voltage of a cell which blocks some molecules

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13
Q

Mechanically-Gated Ion Channel

A

physically deforming the membrane may cause a conformational change

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14
Q

Explain specificity and why it is important to maintain homeostasis

A

specificity allows the body to complete very specific tasks. If every messenger protein could do everything, then there would be choas and homeostasis would not exist.

specificity= ability of a channel protein binding site to bind a specific ligand

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15
Q

Affinity

A

how ‘sticky’ a ligand is to its receptor

determines how likely it is that a bound ligand will leave

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16
Q

How does affinity impact diffusion?

A

greater affinity= greater diffusion

the gate is open longer and allows more molecules to pass through

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17
Q

Explain Carrier Mediated Facilitated Diffusion

A

movement with help from a conformational change of transporters

ex) glucose transporter

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18
Q

What 4 factors determine rate of a substance?

A

1) concentration
2) affinity
3) # of transporters
4) how fast the receptor can change shape to grab more proteins

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19
Q

what is saturation?

A

concentration of solute increases along with the concentration of receptors being filled

(all binding sites are occupied)

20
Q

I 0
I 0 x x x
I 0 x
I 0 x d d d d d
I 0 x d
I0xd__________________

(imagine the 0, x, and ds are all curved lines on a graph)
the y-axis is rate
the x-axis is concentration

Which is passive diffusion?
Which is Facilitated Diffusion (carrier mediated)?
Which is Facilitated Diffusion with Ion Channels?

A

0 is passive diffusion

d is Facilitated Diffusion (carrier mediated)
x Facilitated Diffusion with Ion Channels

21
Q

Why is carrier-mediated transport needed for glucose?

A

because glucose is so giant to the cell.
also its polar

22
Q

Why would midwives lick infants?

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS!

Caused By: defect in the channel protein that normally transports Cl- ions

Protein: CFTR is located in airways, sweat glands and pancreas

CFTR CHANNEL IS ABSENT/DEFECTIVE
Cl- transport is broken

23
Q

In Cystic Fibrosis (in the Lung) the muscus becomes ______________, why?

A

lung mucus becomes super thick

Cl- (salty) can not leave, so Na+ can not leave. Water will always follows Na+ so water will stay in the cells instead of the lungs.

Lung mucous will dry out and create a bacteria haven that makes people get really sick.

24
Q

Why is cystic fibrosis still a thing?

A

because it is a genetically inherited disease which can be passed down from heterozygous parents that don’t even know they are carrying the gene.

25
Q

Why is a heterozygous person for Cystic Fibrosis more likely to survive Cholera

A

Cholera works by completely opening CfTR channels and constantly producing cAMP. If a person doesn’t have many CFTR channels (heterozygous CF people) than the symptoms should be less than a regular person

26
Q

Active Transport. Tell me all about it.

A

Energy is used

against concentration gradient

substance must bind to a transporter in the membrane (transporter is usually called a pump)

2 types

1) Primary Active Transport (energy used by protein transporting)
2) Secondary Active Transport (energy used is indirect)

27
Q

In Primary active transport, transporter itself is an enzyme called _______ that catalyzes the breakdown of ATP

A

ATPase

28
Q

In Secondary Active Transport
The movement of the helper ion (usually Na+) is _______and the movement of the actively transported solute being moved by the same protein is ________

A

downhill

uphill

29
Q

Cotransport (symport) is ….

A

helper ion and solute moving in the same direction

30
Q

countertransport (antiport)

A

helper ion and solute moving in opposite direction

31
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cell eating

32
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking

33
Q

in phagocytosis, extensions of the cell membrane (__________) fold around the surface of the particle engulfing it entirely

A

pseudopodia

remember the psuedo foot from microbiology?

34
Q

pseudopodia + solute=

A

phagosomes

35
Q

pinocytosis occurs in all cells (T/F)

A

true

36
Q

pinocytosis is a very specific process where receptors go into the ECF and bring back exactly what the cell wants (T/F)

A

false, pinocytosis is very random, the cell has no idea what its drinking, it just drinks.

37
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis has something very specific about it, what is it?

A

clathrin links to ligand receptor and forms a clathrin coated pit which turns into a vesicle and is then dissolved.

it allows cells to obtain ligands without ECF fluid

38
Q

clathrin receptors are recycled in Receptor Mediated endocytosis (T/F)

A

true

39
Q

what is an example of receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

iron and cholesterol

40
Q

what is Familial Hypercholesterolemia?

A

a genetic mutation in the LDL receptor, ApoB, or gene controlling the LDL receptor

CAN NOT UPTAKE LDL/CHOLESTEROL INTO CELLS

LDL remains in plasma and builds up in the arteries, (heart attacks etc)

41
Q

What 3 things do exocytosis accomplish?

A

1) restores amount of cell membrane

2) membrane impermeable molecules synthesized by the cells can be pooped out

3) a way to add new membrane components to the cell membrane

42
Q

What are the two types of Exocytosis?

A

1) Constitutive (all the time) EXAMPLE = AQUAPORINS

2) Regulated (specific drives)

major way hormones are released

ALSO MAJOR WAY CALCIUM IS RELEASED

43
Q

What type of molecules in a cell typically require exocytosis to be secreted?

A

polar/ large molecules

44
Q

What key ion is required for regulated exocytosis secretion?

A

calcium!

45
Q

T/F phagosome is the most common form of cells taking something in

A

False,

phagocytosis only occurs in specialized cells

Physiology (14 decks)

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