Topic 3 Flashcards
organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds.
hydrophilic
“Water loving”
a phospholipid has a polar head which is hydrophilic and they point outwards
hydrophobic
“Water hating”
a phospholipid has a nonpolar tail which is hydrophobic and they point inwards towards each other
macromolecules
There are four classes: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
polymer
are long molecules built by linking together many smaller molecules, that are similar chemical subunits called monomers. Ex. starch, polypeptide chains, triglycerides, DNA
are formed via dehydration synthesis, and broken down via hydrolysis
monomers
are smaller individual subunits of polymers, which make up carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid. Ex. monosaccharides, nucleotides, amino acids, fatty acids
enzymes
globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
functional enzymes, referred to as holoenzymes, consist of two parts
Apoenzyme (protein portion) & Cofactor (metal ion) or coenzyme (organic molecule, often a vitamin)
Act on a very specific substrate & Names usually end in –ase and are often named for the reaction they catalyze
dehydration synthesis reaction
the process of combining monomers to form polymers by removing water. It builds molecules and requires energy. Examples of this in organic molecules would be amino acids combining to form proteins, monosaccharides combining to form complex sugars, nucleic acids forming from nucleotides, & fatty acids becoming complex fats.
hydrolysis
the decomposition of molecules into its components by adding water (the bond between two monomers is broken). It breaks down molecules and releases energy. Examples of this with organic molecules are when complex carbs break down into simple sugars, lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, nucleic acids to nucleotides, proteins into amino acids.
carbohydrates (function, fundamental structure, polymer and monomer state)
used for quick energy storage
C, H, O - Ch2O
the monomer is a monosaccharide
the polymer is a polysaccharide
monosaccharides
monomer of carbohydrates
disaccharide
formed by linking two monomers, used especially in carbohydrates to transport glucose to tissues.
polysaccharides
polymer of carbohydrates
starch
a polymer of carbohydrates
glycogen
a polymer of carbohydrates
cellulose
a polymer of carbohydrates
lipids (function, fundamental structure, polymer and monomer state)
The main characteristic that all lipids have in common is that they do not dissolve in water.
can be storage fats, oil, or waxes
very high proportion of nonpolar carbon hydrogen (C-H) bonds.
the monomer is a fatty acid chain/glycerol
the polymer is triglycerides
9 kcal/g for lipids, compared to 4kcal/g for carbohydrate
fats
the ratio of energy-stored in fats is twice that of carbohydrates
fatty acids
a monomer of lipids
Fatty acid chains can be saturated, unsaturated or polyunsaturated.
glycerol
a monomer of lipids
triglycerol
a common fat/storage molecule, that contains three fatty acids, and a glycerol backbone.
saturated fatty acid
a fat molecule in which all the internal carbon atoms contain the maximum number of hydrogens atoms
unsaturated fatty acid
a fat molecule in which one or more of the fatty acids contain fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens attached to their carbons
phospholipid
one of the most important molecules of the cell, because they form the core of all biological membranes
Composed of the: Glycerol, Fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group
allows it to have a Polar “Head” (hydrophilic), and a nonpolar “tail” (hydrophobic)
Phospholipid bilayer – composed of 2 layers of phospholipids, form the plasma membrane of cells, separating the extracellular and intracellular spaces.
steroids (lipid molecule)
any of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings (estrogen and testosterone are considered steroids), amphipathic
cholesterol
a sterol that is essential to life and fulfills several biological functions…
- Primary component of the membrane that surrounds each cell
- starting ingredient for the synthesis of bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D
A STEROID WITH FOUR FUSED CARBON RINGS
catalysts
regulate and increase the speed of chemical reactions without getting used up in the process & Lower the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction
polypeptide
polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
protein (function, fundamental structure, polymer and monomer state)
have multitudinous functions in an organism, including Enzyme catalysis, Defence, Transport, Support, Motion, Regulation, Storage
made from 20 types of amino acids
have an amine group and an acid group
C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P
the monomer is amino acids
the polymer is polypeptide chains
amino acid
have an amine group and an acid group
held together by peptide bonds (covalent)
can act as either an acid or a base
Differ by which of 20 different “R groups” is present
peptide bond
covalent bonds that hold amino acids together
the four types of protein structures
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
primary structure
simply a linear sequence of amino acids (Polypeptide chain). It is the simplest level.
secondary structure (alpha helix, beta-pleated sheet)
how primary amino acids interact with each other (folding or coiling) (held together by hydrogen bonds)
Alpha (α) helix coils resemble a spring
Beta (β) pleated sheets resemble accordion ribbons
tertiary structure
how secondary structures interact. (Same Polypeptide chain)
quaternary structure
how 2 or more different polypeptides interact with each other
denaturation
globular proteins unfold and lose their functional 3-D shape. Fibrous proteins are more stable & active sites become deactivated
Can be caused by decreased pH (increased acidity) or increased temperature. Usually reversible if normal conditions restored. Irreversible if changes are extreme
nucleic acids (function, fundamental structure, polymer and monomer state)
the largest of the organic molecules and they store and express an organism’s genetic information
C, H, O, N, P
major classes are DNA & RNA
the monomer is nucleotides
a polymer is Deoxyribonucleic acid
nucleotide
Composed of nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Double-stranded helical molecule (double helix) located in cell nucleus
holds the genetic blueprint for the synthesis of all proteins
Bonding of nitrogen base from strand to opposite strand is very specific
Follows complementary base-pairing rules:
Adenine always pairs with Thymine
Guanine always pairs with Cytosine
Nucleotides for DNA contain a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases:
Purines: adenine (A), guanine (G)
Pyrimidines: cytosine (C) and thymine (T)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
RNA links DNA to protein synthesis and is slightly different from DNA
Single-stranded linear molecule is active mostly outside nucleus
Contains a ribose sugar (not deoxyribose)
Thymine is replaced with uracil
Three varieties of RNA carry out the DNA orders for protein synthesis: Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What particular element, and their molecules are considered to be organic compounds, and why?
Carbon because its unique ability to form strong covalent bonds with other elements, including itself. This allows carbon to form a huge variety of compounds with different structures and functions
Understand why functional groups affect the properties of macromolecules.
A functional group is a molecular group attached to a hydrocarbon that confers chemical properties or reactivities. Examples include hydroxyl (– OH), carboxylic acid (– COOH) and amino groups (– NH2).
display consistent “function” (properties and reactivity) regardless of the exact molecule they are found in
play a crucial role in determining the properties of macromolecules, including their structure, solubility, reactivity, and polarity.
An acid with a pH of 3 is how many times more acidic than an acid with a pH of 6?
1000
What ratio are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are typically found in carbohydrates ?
1:2:1
The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its ____?
electronegativity
The flow of genetic information in a cell, proceeds in what direction?
DNA -> RNA -> Amino acids
A lipid would be considered unsaturated because?
the presence of double bonds
ATP Structure
the nitrogenous base, adenine; the sugar, ribose; and a chain of three phosphate
