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Biology 1406 - 01M > Topic 12 > Flashcards

Topic 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hershey and Chase used radioactive phosphorous proteins and sulfur to?

A

differentially label DNA and protein

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2
Q

If one strand of DNA is 5’ ACTGAGCGAA 3’ then the complementary strand would be?

A

3’ TGACTCGCTT 5’

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3
Q

In Griffith’s experiment, what was the key finding when using live and heart-killed pathogenic bacteria, injected into mice?

A

Genetic information can be transferred from dead to living bacteria

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA?

A

The Pyrimidine Uracil

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5
Q

The bonds found in structure of DNA are which of the following?

A

Phosphodiester Bonds & Hydrogen Bonds

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6
Q

Which of the following experiments or observations were important in understanding the structure of DNA?

A

Chargaff’s Rule, Franklin’s X-ray diffraction of DNA, & Watson and Crick’s proposal DNA model

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7
Q

The synthesis of leading vs lagging strand of DNA, differ in which of the following?

A

Leading strand is continuous, lagging strand is fragmented

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8
Q

The replication of DNA follows which of the following basic information?

A

Semiconservative

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9
Q

In DNA, complementary base-pairs formed between which of the following?

A

Adenine with Thymine, Guanine with Cytosine

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10
Q

One common feature of all DNA polymerases is that they

A

synthesize DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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11
Q

Griffith’s Experiment

A

showed virulency was transferred, from a pathogenic S. pneumonia stain to non-pathogenic stain (transformation), by infecting lab mice in different experiments

with bacterial transformation, from nonpathogenic to pathogenic

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12
Q

Bacterial transformation

A

the transfer of free DNA released from a donor bacterium into the extracellular environment that results in assimilation and usually an expression of the newly acquired trait in a recipient bacterium. This process doesn’t require a living donor cell

Griffith’s Experiment and Avery, Macleod, and McCarty’s Experiment

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13
Q

Avery, Macleod, McCarty’s Experiment

A

identification of the transforming principle.

separated the cellular components: Proteins, lipids, and Nucleic acid, and individually added each one until the transformation occurred in Griffith’s experiment had occurred, which ultimately identified DNA as the genetic material transformation the strains.

Proteins, DNA and RNA were separated by the addition of Proteinase, RNase, DNase.

Only with the addition of DNase (causing the removal of DNA, did not transform the strain to pathogenic.

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14
Q

Henry and Chase Experiment

A

demonstrate Bacteriophage transfers genetic material is DNA not proteins, using radioactive isotopes of sulfur and phosphorus. Sulfur is incorporated into the protein coat, and Phosphorus is incorporated into the DNA

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15
Q

bacteriophage

A

any of a group of viruses that infect bacteria

Henry and Chase Experiment

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16
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

experiments carried out by Erwin Chargaff showed that the nucleotide composition of DNA molecules were proportional A always equals that of T, and G always equal to that of C

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17
Q

Franklin’s x-ray diffraction experiment of DNA

A

using x-rays to bombard the crystal structure of DNA, the diffractions formed a pattern, that then can be analyzed to form a 3d structure, performed by Rosalinda Franklin, which allowed the understanding of the orientation of DNA fibers, and the helix structure of DNA.

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18
Q

Watson and Crick double helix model

A

DNA double helix structure via complementarity of base-pairs – deduced by Watson, and Crick using Chargaff’s rules, the proper tautomeric forms of the bases, and the diffraction experiments performed by Franklin

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19
Q

Semiconservative replication of DNA

A

The basic mechanism of DNA replication is semiconservative, DNA replication involves opening up the DNA helix, and making copies of both strands to produce two daughter helices, each consisting of one old strand and one new strand

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20
Q

DNA repair

A

photorepair, excision repair,

Then, DNA polymerase replaces the damaged region, and DNA ligase finished the process of DNA repair

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21
Q

Photorepair

A

photolyase enzyme recognizes the damage and binds to the thymine dimers, and cleaves the bonds

22
Q

Photolyase

A

enzyme that recognizes the damage and binds to the thymine dimers, and cleaves the bonds (photorepair)

23
Q

Excision Repair

A

Damaged DNA is recognized by the UvrABC complex, which binds to the damaged region and removes it

24
Q

Reverse Transcription

A

Special family of viruses called Retroviruses, that are able to convert their RNA genome into a DNA copy, using an enzyme reverse transcriptase.

25
Q

Retrovirus Subfamilies

A

Oncoretroviruses (cancer-causing retroviruses) – human T-lymphotropic viruses – causing leukemia in humans

Lentiviruses – slow viruses with long incubation periods – HIV-1 & 2, causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Endogenous retroviruses - inherited provirus DNA in animal genomes, evidence of past endogenous viruses entering host germline genome.

26
Q

Non-disjunction

A

are caused when failure of homologues or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis, and results in a gamete developing Aneuploidy

Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes, do not generally experience severe developmental abnormalities, often reach maturity with some cases being fertile or infertile.

27
Q

aneuploidy

A

gain or loss of a chromosome

Smaller the chromosome more likely the zygote/offspring survival

13, 15, 18, 21, and 22 being common autosomes Aneuploidy disorders.

28
Q

trisomy

A

gain in a chromosome

29
Q

monosomy

A

loss of a chromosome

30
Q

down syndrome

A

trisomy 21

31
Q

triple-X-females

A

TRISOMY X
XXX – females - Triple-X-Females

32
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

XXY – males – Klinefelter syndrome

33
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

XO – females – Turner syndrome

34
Q

Jacob Syndrome

A

XYY – males – Jacobs syndrome

35
Q

Prader-Willi Syndrome

A

It is a genetic disorder that results from the absence of active genetic material in a region of chromosome 15

36
Q

Restriction endonucleases

A

are enzymes that cleave DNA at specific sites, used by bacteria against viruses.

allows for physical mapping of DNA, by the creation of recombinant DNA molecules, that can be separated by Gel Electrophoresis.

37
Q

Electrophoresis

A

Gel Electrophoresis, - separates DNA fragments by size through an agarose medium, when electrical current is passed through a buffer.

Larger DNA fragments move slower than smaller DNA fragments, and DNA is visualized using fluorescent dyes.

38
Q

southern blot

A

DNA sample is cleaved by restriction enzymes and separated by gel electrophoresis

39
Q

northern blot

A

mRNA is separated by electrophoresis

40
Q

western blot

A

Proteins are separated by electrophoresis, and detection of specific proteins require the use of specific antibodies that can bind to proteins.

41
Q

DNA fingerprint

A

used in criminal trials, paternity testing, and to identify remains

42
Q

Restriction Fragment length Polymorphism

A

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP analysis) – refers to the use of restriction enzymes, to detect differences in point and sequence mutations/duplications in short tandem repeats (STRs), in a polymorphic population.

Electrophoresis with Southern blotting, and DNA ladders can be used to compare and detect differences DNA samples.

DNA fingerprinting is used in criminal trials, paternity testing, and to identify remains.

43
Q

Short tandem repeats (STRs)

A

common molecular biology method used to compare allele repeats at specific loci in DNA between two or more samples. A short tandem repeat is a microsatellite with repeat units that are 2 to 7 base pairs in length, with the number of repeats varying among individuals, making STRs effective for human identification purposes

44
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

mimics the process of DNA replication to produce millions of copies of DNA sequences, called DNA amplification, that then can be used in other molecular applications.

  1. Denaturation – DNA is heated to 95C, causing the double stranded DNA to separate.
  2. Annealing of primers – DNA primers bind to the single stranded DNA, allowing DNA polymerase to bind.
  3. Synthesis – DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase - is a DNA polymerase from a thermophilic bacterium, Thermus aquaticus, that is stable at typical denaturation temperatures, as the bacteria optimum temperature is 70C) makes the new DNA strand.

Cycle is repeated 25 to 30 for sufficient amplification of DNA is achieved.

45
Q

Requirements for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

DNA sample for amplification

Taq DNA polymerase

Primers – initiates elongation

dNTPs – deoxyribonucleotides

Buffer solution.

46
Q

DNA sequencing

A

slide 40 cuz there’s only pictures and no words

47
Q

Transgenic organisms

A

are any organisms modified by the addition of one or more genes from a different species, by any alteration techniques outside conventional breeding.

Transgenic mice have been genetically modified so that they carry a green fluorescent protein

BT corn contains a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, that produces delta endotoxins acts as an insecticide

48
Q

biotechnology

A

slide 43 cuz there are only pictures and no words

49
Q

Understand the experiments leading to the discovery of DNA as the Genetic/inheritable molecule, with Griffith’s Experiment and Avery, Macleod, and McCarty’s Experiment with bacterial transformation, and Hershey and Chase’s Experiment with Bacteriophage radioactive labeling.

A

Questions and Hypothesis, were formed on which molecule contained information: Proteins or Nucleotides (DNA)?

DNA was identified as the molecule of Genetic material (inheritance) due to a few main experiments performed on bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, which was believed to be the main cause of influenza.

50
Q

Understand the experiments leading to the discovery of DNA structure, with Chargaff’s rule, Franklin X-ray diffraction experiment, Watson and Crick double helix model

A

Experiments from Chargaff, Franklin, and Wilkins obtained evidence for the actual structure of DNA.

51
Q

DNA structure

A

Contains three main components:

a 5-carbon sugar (Pentose),

a Phosphate (PO4) Group,

a Nitrogen-containing base (Purine or a Pyrimidine) – Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil (in RNA).

Biology 1406 - 01M (19 decks)

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