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Biology 1406 - 01M > Topic 13 > Flashcards

Topic 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

In Prokaryotes transcription and translation occurs differently than eukaryotes by which of the following?

A

are performed coupled one after the other

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2
Q

Which part of Eukaryotic mRNA is coding sequence for the actual genes?

A

exons

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3
Q

In Transcription occurs where in Eukaryotes?

A

nucleus

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4
Q

According to the mRNA sequence 5’ AUG UUG UCA ACC 3’, what amino acids would be translated?

A

Met-Leu-Ser-Thr

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5
Q

Going from DNA to RNA is ____, and from RNA to Amino acids is____?

A

Transcription, Translation

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6
Q

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Transferring amino acid to the ribosomes & Using anticoding sequence to match the mRNA sequence

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7
Q

RNA polymerase binds to a _________ to initiate _________.

A

promoter; transcription

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8
Q

mRNA in Eukaryotes differs from Prokaryotes in which of the following ways?

A

Presence of introns in eukaryotes RNA & contains a single gene per mRNA for Eukaryotes

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9
Q

___ is a triplet code of nucleotides that correspond to an amino acid?

A

codon

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10
Q

In the genetic code, one codon

A

consists of three bases & specifies a single amino acid

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11
Q

Central Dogma of Molecular biology

A

involves the nature of information flow in cells, from the conversion of genes (Genotype) to their expression (phenotype) occurs the same in all organisms.

Genes (DNA) to RNA copy – Transcription
RNA copy to amino acids (proteins) - Translation

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12
Q

DNA Replication

A

The basic mechanism of DNA replication is semiconservative, DNA replication involves opening up the DNA helix, and making copies of both strands to produce two daughter helices, each consisting of one old strand and one new strand.

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13
Q

Transcription

A

is the process of creating a RNA copy of DNA, using RNA polymerase

DNA information coded in mRNA
Happens in the nucleus

Genes (DNA) to RNA copy

the role of mRNA is for Transcription.

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14
Q

Translation

A

RNA copy to amino acids (proteins

mRNA decoded by Ribosomes to assemble polypeptides
Happens in the cytoplasm
Use mRNA of the ribosome and tRNA

is the process of making a protein (Polypeptide chain) from RNA, using ribosomes, mRNA, and tRNA

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15
Q

Purines

A

adenine and guanine

A purine contains a pyrimidine ring fused with an imidazole ring (a five-member ring with two non-adjacent nitrogen atoms). This two-ringed structure has nine atoms forming the ring: 5 carbon atoms and 4 nitrogen atoms. Different purines are distinguished by the atoms or functional groups attached to the rings

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16
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, uracil, thymine

Pyrimidines are organic rings consisting of six atoms: 4 carbon atoms and 2 nitrogen atoms.

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17
Q

Adenine

A

Amino acid sequence is determined by the order of nitrogen bases in the gene

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18
Q

Guanine

A

Amino acid sequence is determined by the order of nitrogen bases in the gene

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19
Q

Thymine

A

Amino acid sequence is determined by the order of nitrogen bases in the gene

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20
Q

Cytosine

A

Amino acid sequence is determined by the order of nitrogen bases in the gene

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21
Q

Uracil

A

RNA differs from DNA, uses Uracil (U) rather than Thymine (T) base

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22
Q

Leading Strand

A

The leading strand as the name suggests is a complete continuous strand that is synthesized rapidly during DNA replication on the 3’→5′ polarity template of DNA. Its direction is 5’→3′.

23
Q

Lagging Strand

A

it lags behind and is always very slowly synthesized in the form of various small fragments on the 5’→3′ polarity template of DNA. Its direction is 3’→5′. It is synthesized in short, discontinuous fragments called Okazaki fragments

24
Q

Helicase

A

DNA Helicase – unwinds the double helix of DNA for replication to take place

25
Q

Primase

A

Primase makes an RNA primer, or short stretch of nucleic acid complementary to the template, that provides a 3’ end for DNA polymerase to work on

26
Q

DNA gyrase

A

DNA gyrase – relieves torque in the strand

27
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

Synthesizes the New DNA strand.

28
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

Erases primer and fill gaps in lagging strand

29
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins the ends of DNA segments, also repairs DNA

30
Q

Semi-discontinuous replication

A

DNA replication is semi-discontinuous because one strand is synthesized continuously, while the other strand is synthesized discontinuously by the formation of Okazaki fragments.

31
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA nucleotides (approximately 150 to 200 base pairs long in eukaryotes) which are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create the lagging strand during DNA replication

32
Q

Messenger (mRNA)

A

a type of RNA

RNA transcript – termed messenger RNA (mRNA), which is directly used for synthesis of the polypeptides

mRNA – messenger RNA, - the intermediate information containing that can be transferred out of the nucleus.
(Chain of nucleotides which are the codons = mRNA)

33
Q

Transfer (tRNA)

A

tRNA – transfer RNA - contain short segments of anticodons RNA that code for a specific amino acid, which is carried to the Ribosome-mRNA
(1 Anticodon + 1 amino acid = tRNA)

34
Q

Ribosomal (rRNA)

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - along with proteins, forms the ribosomes, which consist of two subunits, one large, one small.

The two subunit types combine to form functional ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis

Structural component of ribosomes

Where protein synthesis occurs
Works with tRNA to translate message from mRNA into polypeptide.

35
Q

introns

A

noncoding segments

36
Q

exons

A

Portion of the genes that codes for amino acids

37
Q

gene

A

A segment of DNA, that codes for one polypeptide

38
Q

Template strand

A

is the strand of DNA that is used to make the copy of RNA. Since DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single stranded, and only one of the two DNA strand needs to be copied.

39
Q

coding strand

A

is the strand of DNA not used as a template for RNA, but will have the same sequence as the RNA transcript – termed messenger RNA (mRNA), which is directly used for synthesis of the polypeptides

40
Q

genetic code

A

codon is the basic unit of the genetic code

Amino acid sequence is determined by the order of nitrogen bases in the gene.
(Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine)

Triplet code – called a codon.
Sequences of 3 nitrogen bases: AGTC
Each Triplet specifics the code for a particular amino acid but each amino acid can be coded for by more than one triplet
GGC code for amino acid proline
GCC codes for amino acid arginine

Three-base sequence of DNA (triplet code)
Complementary three-base sequence on mRNA called codon
There are 64 possible codons
4 bases (A, U, C, G) and 3 places, so 43 = 64

There are 3 “stop” codons,
20 possible amino acids,
Some amino acids are represented by more than one codon. Redundancy helps protect against transcription errors.

41
Q

codon

A

basic unit of the genetic code, sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in DNA or mRNA, that codes for one amino acid

Complementary three-base sequence on mRNA called codon

There are 64 possible codons

There are 3 “stop” codons

42
Q

mutations

A

A genetic mutation is a change to your DNA sequence by removing, adding or replacing pieces of your DNA

43
Q

point mutations

A

or single nucleotide variation, that alters a single base, causing either deletions, or additions of a single base

44
Q

silent mutations

A

is when a base substation does not change the amino acid due to codon repetition.

45
Q

nonsense mutations

A

occurs when a base is changed in such a way, a codon is converted to a stop codon.

46
Q

missense mutations

A

is when a base substation changes an amino acid of a protein

47
Q

frameshift mutations

A

addition or a deletion of a single base, can cause a shift in the codon changing large amounts of amino acids

48
Q

chromosomal mutations

A

more extensive changes can alter the structure of the chromosome itself, and results many types of cancers.

49
Q

deletion

A

is the loss of a portion of a chromosome, which can be caused by one or more frameshift mutations

50
Q

duplication

A

may or may not lead to phenotypic consequences depending on the location where the duplication occurs

51
Q

inversion

A

results when a segment of a chromosome is broken in two places, reversed, and place back together

52
Q

translocation

A

one chromosome is broken off and joined to another chromosome

53
Q

Identify and understand the enzymes involved in DNA replication, and the different roles of types of RNA in RNA translation

A

DNA Helicase – unwinds the double helix of DNA for replication to take place
DNA polymerase III – Synthesizes the New DNA strand.
DNA polymerase I – Erases primer and fill gaps in lagging strand
DNA ligase – joins the ends of DNA segments, also repairs DNA.
DNA gyrase – relieves torque in the strand

mRNA – messenger RNA, - the intermediate information containing that can be transferred out of the nucleus.
(Chain of nucleotides which are the codons = mRNA)
tRNA – transfer RNA - contain short segments of anticodons RNA that code for a specific amino acid, which is carried to the Ribosome-mRNA
(1 Anticodon + 1 amino acid = tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - along with proteins, forms the ribosomes, which consist of two subunits, one large, one small.

54
Q

Identify and understand the differences between Eukaryotic RNA transcription and translation, and Prokaryotic RNA transcription and translation (refer to slide 36)

A

Introns – present in most Eukaryotes genes, none in Prokaryotes

Number of Genes in mRNA – Prokaryotes may have several genes transcribed into a single mRNA molecule, while Eukaryotes will only have one gene per mRNA molecule

Site of Transcription and Translation – all is completed in the cytoplasm of Prokaryotes, while transcription occurs in the nucleus of Eukaryotes,

Transcription and translation are coupled in prokaryotes, while mRNA is first modified before translation in Eukaryotes before translation (introns removed, exons spliced together, 5’cap and poly-A tail is added)

Biology 1406 - 01M (19 decks)

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