Topic 10

Question 1

Coevolution

Answer 1

is a type of selective force on 2 or more populations or species that interact so closely that simultaneous develop adaptations

Question 2

Convergent evolution

Answer 2

is the independent development of similar structures in organisms that are not directly related; often found in organisms living in similar environments

Question 3

Evolutionary Adaptations

Answer 3

is a type of adaptation that allows organism to match the changes happening to their environment

Question 4

Which of the following would be considered an example of analogous structures?

Answer 4

wings of a bird, and of a butterfly

Question 5

Homologous structures are which of the following?

Answer 5

are physical features in organism that share a common ancestor, but serve completely different functions

Question 6

Vestigial Structures

Answer 6

are structures that have no apparent function, but resemble structures that ancestors of those species possessed

Question 7

Analogous structures are which of the following?

Answer 7

structures of similar function, but different evolutionary origin

Question 8

Artificial Selection

Answer 8

are changes in the genetic structures of populations/species due to selective breeding/intervention by humans

Question 9

Natural Selection

Answer 9

is a type of selection caused by factors in the environment, leading to evolutionary changes, by differential reproduction of genotypes

Question 10

Isotopic dating, measures the ratio of what in samples?

Answer 10

amounts of unstable isotopes

Question 11

Define and Evolution, Evolutionary adaptations and Fitness?

Answer 11

evolution - refers to the genetic changes experienced by populations of organisms and can occur from any process that causes a change in the genetic composition of a population

Evolutionary adaptations – allows organisms to match the changes happening to their environment

Fitness -refers to the relative ability of an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in its environment. It is a central concept in evolutionary theory and is used to describe how well an organism is adapted to its environment. Fitness is usually measured by the number of offspring an organism produces that survive to reproduce themselves. The more offspring an organism produces that survive to reproduce, the higher its fitness

Question 12

Define and list the five agents of evolutionary change?

Answer 12

Mutation -permanent changes in a cell’s DNA; includes changes in nucleotide sequence, alteration of gene position, gene loss or duplication, and insertion of foreign sequences. the ultimate source of genetic variation. Occurs so rarely that mutation alone usually does not change allele frequency much.

Gene Flow - the movement of alleles from one population to another. Individuals or gametes move from one population to another

Nonrandom Mating - individuals with certain genotypes sometimes mating with one another more commonly than would be expected on a random basis. Inbreeding is a common form of nonrandom mating, it doesn’t alter allele frequency but reduces the proportion of heterozygotes.

Genetic Drift -is the random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time by chance. The smaller the population, the more likely genetic drift to occur, as the greater the change is in allele frequencies from generation to generation. The larger the population, the more diversity is allowed to persist in the population. Ex. Founder effect, and Bottleneck effect

Natural Selection -is the differential reproduction of genotypes; caused by factors in the environment, that leads to evolutionary changes. Natural selection results from differential reproductive success. Darwin Suggested that natural selection was the process that caused Evolutionary adaptations. The only agent that adaptive evolutionary changes.

Question 13

Define and list the differences between Natural Selection and Artificial Selection?

Answer 13

Natural Selection – is the differential reproduction of genotypes; caused by factors in the environment, that leads to evolutionary changes. Controlled by nature and increases chance of survival. Is performed on all types of organisms.

Artificial selection – changes in the genetic structures of populations due to selective breeding by humans. Controlled by humans is performed the desired organism of the human.

Question 14

Defined and list the conditions that must be met in order for Evolution to occur by Natural selection?

Answer 14

1. Phenotypic variation must exist among individuals in a population.
2. Variation among individuals must result in differences in the number of offspring surviving in the next generation.
3. Phenotypic variation must have a genetic basis.

Question 15

Genetic variation

Answer 15

refers to the different alleles of genes found within individuals of a population.

Question 16

Evolution

Answer 16

refers to the genetic changes experienced by populations of organisms and can occur from any process that causes a change in the genetic composition of a population

Question 17

Population genetics

Answer 17

Population genetics and Allele frequencies, can be used to measure evolution occurring

is the study of the properties of genes in a population, as different populations have variation in the genes that exist

Question 18

Mutation

Answer 18

are permanent changes in a cell’s DNA; includes changes in nucleotide sequence, alteration of gene position, gene loss or duplication, and insertion of foreign sequences

Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation, but they do not occur more frequently in situations that favor them by natural selection, and particular mutations do not occur by natural selection.

one of the evolutionary adaptations

Question 19

Gene Flow

Answer 19

is the movement of alleles from one population to another

one of the evolutionary adaptations

Question 20

Genetic Drift,

Answer 20

is the random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time by chance.

The smaller the population, the more likely genetic drift to occur, as the greater the change is in allele frequencies from generation to generation.
The larger the population, the more diversity is allowed to persist in the population.

ex. Founder effect, and Bottleneck effect

one of the evolutionary adaptations

Question 21

Bottleneck effect,

Answer 21

loss of genetic variation

example of genetic drift

occurs when the population is drastically reduced in size, due to natural forces like flooding, drought, epidemic disease, which only allows a few surviving individuals to constitute a random genetic sample of the original population

Question 22

Founder effect,

Answer 22

loss of genetic variation

example of genetic drift

occurs when a new population is formed from a single or a few individuals moving into an isolated area, which can make a previously rare alleles a significant fraction of the new population

Question 23

Non-random mating,

Answer 23

individuals with certain genotypes sometimes mating with one another more commonly than would be expected on a random basis.

Question 24

assortative mating,

Answer 24

a type of nonrandom mating in which phenotypically similar individuals mate more frequently.

Question 25

disassortative mating,

Answer 25

a type of nonrandom mating in which phenotypically different individuals mate more frequently

Question 26

selection

Answer 26

NATURAL SELECTION

one of the evolutionary adaptations

is the differential reproduction of genotypes; caused by factors in the environment, that leads to evolutionary changes

Darwin Suggested that natural selection was the process that caused Evolutionary adaptations.

Natural selection results from differential reproductive success.Individuals with best adaptations pass on those advantages on to offsprings, and then those adaptations become more common

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

changes in the genetic structures of populations due to selective breeding by humans.

Question 27

fitness

Answer 27

Fitness is the number of surviving offspring left in the next generation and is a measure of how many offspring survive.

Fitness consists of many components, a combination of survival, mating success, and number of offspring per mating.