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Biology 1406 - 01M > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biology

A
  • study of life & vital processes along with physiochemical aspects
  • a point of convergence for the information and tools from all other natural sciences
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2
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

Eukarya Domain

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3
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria & Archaea Domain

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4
Q

genes

A

The basic unit of hereditary; a sequence of DNA nucleotides on a chromosome that encodes a protein, tRNA, or rRNA molecule, or regulates the transcription of such a sequence

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5
Q

gene expression

A

The conversion of the genotype into the phenotypes; the process by which DNA is transcribes into RNA, which is then translated into protein product.

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6
Q

emergent properties

A
  • may develop as complex structures are assembled from simpler subunits

-often cannot be deduced solely from knowledge of the individual components

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7
Q

systems biology

A

focuses on studying living organisms as a whole as well as understanding the workings of the parts of an organism

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8
Q

connection of biology to the study of life

A

bio means life and ology means study

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9
Q

levels of organization (hierarchy of life)

A

cellular, & ordered by complexity
(atoms/elements - molecules - organelles – cells – tissues – organs – organ systems – organisms – populations – communities – ecosystems – biosphere)

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10
Q

cell theory

A

o Cells are the smallest unit of life
- (function of the cells is dependent on its organelles)
o All organisms are made of one or more cells
- Activity of an organism depends on cellular activity
o Cells only come from other cells (mitosis or meiosis)

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11
Q

process of the scientific method

A
  1. An observation is made: these observations should lead to general conclusions that could be addressed by experimentation.
  2. A hypothesis is made: it should allow for predictions and should be testable.

Null hypothesis states theres no difference between control group and and treatment. Alternative hypothesis states that there is a difference. The difference or lack of difference is proved through statistical analysis.

  1. Experimentation is done with control and changed variables. Experiment should be repeated for more confidence in conclusion.
  2. A conclusion is made.
  3. A theory is developed from multiple conclusions.
  4. A law, a fact or proven idea, can be made.
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12
Q

DNA

A

the genetic material of all organisms; composed of two complementary chains of nucleotides wound in a double helix

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13
Q

genomics

A

the study of genomes as opposed to individual genes

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14
Q

genome

A

the entire DNA sequence of an organism

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15
Q

bioinformatics

A

A field of science that combines biological data with computer science, math, and physics. It is usually used for studying genomes and DNA sequencing. One can develop new technologies to obtain more data or create medicine.

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16
Q

producers (autotrophs)

A

utilize energy from the sun through photosynthesis

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17
Q

consumers (heterotrophs)

A

organisms that cannot produce their own food, so they must eat other animals or plants

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18
Q

feedback regulation

A

control mechanism that uses the consequences of a process to regulate the rate at which the process occurs:

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19
Q

positive feedback

A

feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output

Childbirth – stretching of uterine walls cause contractions that further stretch the walls (this continues until birthing occurs)
Lactation – the child feeding stimulates milk production which causes further feeding (continues until baby stops feeding)

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20
Q

negative feedback

A

a homeostatic control mechanism whereby an increase in some substance or activity inhibits the process leading to the increase; also known as feedback inhibition

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21
Q

evolution

A

genetic changes in a population of organisms; in general, evolution leads to progressive change from simple to complex. The idea that the characteristics of living things can and have changed during the history of life on Earth

  • it is a theory supported by overwhelming scientific evidence
  • is a unifying concept of biology, provides a conceptual framework that unifies biology as a science
  • Natural selection is one mechanism that causes evolution to take place.
22
Q

domains

A
  • created by taxonomists that categorize life into their phylogenetic classifications (bacteria, archaea, eukarya)
    -based in differences in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences and their cell membrane lipid structure
23
Q

bacteria

A
  • SINGLE CELLED
    most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are now classified into multiple kingdoms.
  • some are pathogenic while no archaea are pathogenic
24
Q

archaea

A

any of a group of SINGLE-CELLED prokaryotic organisms (that is, organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria

25
Q

eukarya

A
  • true nucleus & membrane bound organelles
  • four kingdoms (plantae, fungi, animalia, protists)
  • single-celled and multicellular
26
Q

natural selection

A

The differential reproduction of genotypes; caused by factors in the environment; leads to evolutionary change.

  • mechanism that causes evolution to take place.
  • Darwin contributed the concept of natural selection, and Alfred Wallace arrived at the same idea at the same time as Darwin
27
Q

inquiry

A

using evidence from observations and investigations to create logical explanations and answer questions.

28
Q

inductive reasoning

A
  • Logic flows opposingly as specific observations are used to construct general scientific principles
  • Leads to generalizations that can be tested
  • Mainly used for biological studies

ex. A scientist observes 10 animal cells, 10 plant cells, 10 fungal cells, and 10 bacterial cells and determines they all possess ribosomes. Based on that, the scientist constructs a hypothesis that all cells have ribosomes

29
Q

hypothesis

A
  • the starting point for explaining a body of observations
  • may or may not be true
  • can always be rejected when new info is brought to life
    -scientists test hypotheses by making predictions
    -A tentative explanation for a natural phenomenon
30
Q

deductive reasoning

A

(uses known principles)
- Applies general principles to predict specific results
- Is why math and philosophy can be used to validify general ideas

ex. All bachelors are unmarried men - John is an unmarried man. - Therefore, John is a bachelor.

31
Q

data

A

any data that provide a characterization of the biological, genetic, biochemical and/or physiological properties, compositions, or activities of the sample materials

data or measurements collected from biological sources

32
Q

experiment

A

designed to test predictions

33
Q

variable

A

a factor that influences a process, outcome, or observation.
- scientists attempt to isolate variables to test hypotheses in experiments

34
Q

theory

A
  • has been tested by experimentation

-it is a statement consisting of many interconnected concepts that are supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence, and explain the facts in a particular field of study.

35
Q

technology

A

the use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human health and society

36
Q

atoms/elements

A

fundamental building blocks of matter; contain subatomic particles

37
Q

molecules

A

clusters of atoms when which joined together can form complex molecules (ex. proteins, lipids. carbs, nucleic acids)

38
Q

organelles

A

complex molecules that form tiny structures in cells (typically lipids and proteins)

39
Q

cells

A

the basic unit of life; structural and functional unit of an organism

40
Q

tissues

A

groups of similar cells that become a functional unit

41
Q

organs

A

structures composed of different tissues that become a functional unit

42
Q

organ systems

A

multiple organs that work in connection to each other

43
Q

organism

A

an individual living thing

44
Q

populations

A

a group of individuals of a particular species within a region

45
Q

communities

A

populations of different species in a region

46
Q

ecosystems

A

all living and nonliving things in a region

47
Q

biosphere

A

all life on Earth (terrestrial life)

48
Q

the activity of an organism depends on what?

A

cellular activity

49
Q

Which of the following is required by all organisms in order to maintain their non-equilibrium stable state?

A

a constant supply of energy

50
Q

basic reasearch

A

generally performed by scientists at colleges and universities, extends the boundaries of what we know

51
Q

applied research

A

Information gleaned from basic scientific research provides the scientific knowledge that is necessary for this research.
-often carried out in industry

Biology 1406 - 01M (19 decks)

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