Topic 10 Reproduction

Question 1

Life history Traits

Answer 1

Traits that an organism has that worked well in the past
traits that have been acquired through the evolution of a species inorder to maximize the reproductive success of that species

Question 2

maximizing reproductive success involves ___+ ex

Answer 2

trade offs

for ex if energy is put into trying to adapt and exist in the environment, there’s going to be sacrifices somewhere else such as energy available to reproduce

Question 3

larger seed= (3)

Answer 3

more energy put into it

the seed will likely survive

improve reproductive fitness of a species

Question 4

Indeterminate growth strategy (3)

Answer 4

growth of the individual continues throughout the lifespan

(ex: ectotherms-reptiles, fish, plants)

larger organism is the oldest

Question 5

Determinate growth (3)

Answer 5

growth of the organism ceases when adult state is reached (endotherms- birds, mammals)
all of the energy they have at that point is going into maintaining rather then growing

Question 6

asexual reproduction (3)

Answer 6

produces clones (exact copy)

Prokaryotes replicate their genome and then divide by binary fission

some eukaryotes replicate their genomes and divide by mitosis (Protists, fungi and some plants).

Question 7

benefit/non benefits of asexual

Answer 7

no energy inputted in finding mates

not producing any sort of genetic variation. Just making clones, and those who grow the fastest will take over the population

Question 8

sexual reproduction (4)

Answer 8

combined genomes

replicated genomes are halved into gametes (Sperm and egg) and combined with other gametes to produce a zygote

only in eukaryotes

unique genome never seem before, unless your a twin

Question 9

Disadvantage of sexual reproduction

Answer 9

You have to find a mate, and gestate

Question 10

the more you reproduce, your growth rate….

Answer 10

decrease

Question 11

parental investment and offspring connection

Answer 11

More investment means less offsprings

Question 12

fecundity

Answer 12

ability to produce offsprings

Question 13

males and reproduction and growth rate relationship

Answer 13

males engaged in less reproduction have larger growth rate (more energy)

Question 14

passive care

Answer 14

pre birth energy investment (seed development, gestation, of embryo)

Question 15

organism that have no active care relationship with growth style

Answer 15

tend to follow an indeterminate growth pattern

Question 16

fledge

Answer 16

ready to fly

Question 17

parity

Answer 17

how often an individual reproduces

Question 18

semelparity

Answer 18

individuals of the same species can breed only once in its lifetime

Question 19

Iteroparity

Answer 19

Individuals of the same species can breed more than once in its lifetime

Question 20

r- selected (7)

Answer 20

small offspring/ adult size (don’t have a lot of time to grow and put on body mass before they start to make babies as most energy is going into making lots of babies

early sexual maturity

Evolved to reproduce quickly (reproduce quick bc of unstable environment)

semelparous (makes lots of babies and that’s the end of their life)

High fecundity

low juvenile survivorship (lots of babies die very young)

short lifespan

Question 21

K selected (8)

Answer 21

Large offspring

Late sexual maturity

Iteroparous

low growth rate

Low fecundity (few offspring)

High juvenile survivorship

Long lifespan

Evolved to compete (intraspecific)

Question 22

Life history table

Answer 22

Summarizes info on age, structures, size, life history reproductive stages and survivorship of a population

The sx, nx table

Question 23

nx

Answer 23

number of females

Question 24

lx+ formula

Answer 24

survivorship, fraction of original cohort still alive, indicated by data from females

lx=nx/n0

Question 25

sx +formula

Answer 25

survival rate from one age to the next

nx+1/nx

Question 26

mx

Answer 26

fecundity average number of female offspring female produces

Question 27

R0+ formula

Answer 27

net reproductive rate
average #of female offspring per female in cohort over the cohorts lifespan

Question 28

r0<1

Answer 28

popultion is decreaing

Question 29

R0=0

Answer 29

population produced no females, the population is not going to survive until next generation
extinct

Question 30

r0>1

Answer 30

Population is increasing

Question 31

survivorship curve has to be

Answer 31

log scaled

Question 32

Type 1 survivorship (5) + Ex:

Answer 32

K selected species

A lot of survival at the start

High mortality late in life

Applies to animals that are fairly large animals with few young offspring

High parental care which translate to high juvenile survivorship

ex: humans, elephants

Question 33

Type 2 survivorship (2) + ex:

Answer 33

Constant rate of mortality throughout lifespan

mix of r and k traits

ex: birds, rodents

Question 34

Type 3 Survivorship (3) + ex

Answer 34

Tons produced Few survive

Mortality rate high at beginning but decrease with age. In a Type III curve, very few organisms survive their younger years. However, the lucky ones that make it through youth are likely to have pretty long lives after that.

Those that make it survive but not a lot of them make it in the first few years

trees, fish