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BIOL 241 > 2.0 The cell > Flashcards

2.0 The cell Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory (3)

A

All organisms are composed of one or more cells

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Cell arise only from the division of preexisting cells

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2
Q

Nucleic acid, DNA and RNA (2)

A

carry hereditary information and direct the manufacture of cellular molecules.

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3
Q

Where do cells get energy to carry out their activities? (2)

A
  • chemical molecules
  • light as energy source
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4
Q

how do cells respond to changes in their external environment

A

alter their internal reactions

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5
Q

all forms of life can be divided into three domains

A

Bacteria, Archea and Eukarya

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6
Q

Each cell is functionally independent organisms capable of_______. (unicellular organisms) however cells in multicellular organisms

A

carrying out all activities necessary for living

are potentially capable of surviving by themselves if placed in a chemical medium that can sustain them.

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7
Q

If cells are broken open, (3)

A

The property of life is lost
They are unable to grow, reproduce or respond to outside stimuli in a coordinated potentially independent fashion.

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8
Q

Why are cells so small？(2)

A

SA to volume ratio of a cell changes as it gets bigger

Doubling the diameter of a cell increases its volume by eight times but increases its surface area by only four times

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9
Q

Significance of the Volume:SA relationship

A

Volume of the cell determines the amount of chemical activity that can take place within it. SA determines the amount of substances that can be exchanged between inside and outside environment.

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10
Q

Difference between light microscope and electron microscope.

A

light uses light to illuminate specimen while electron use electron

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11
Q

plama membranę (2)

A

a bilayer made of lips with embedded protein molecules
(regulates what goes and out)

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12
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

a hydrophobic barrier to the passage of water soluble substances

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13
Q

transport protein

A

a protein embedded in the cell membrane that forms a channel allowing selected polar molecules and ions to pass across the membrane.

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14
Q

hereditary info is organized in the forms of ____ in the cell which are

A

genes

segments of DNA that code for individual proteins

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15
Q

cytoplasm (2)

A

all parts of the cell between the plasma membrane and the central region

contains the organelles, the cytosol and cytoskeleton

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16
Q

organelles (2)

A

small organized structures important for cell function

the nucleus or other specialized internal structures

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17
Q

cytosol

A

aqueous water solution containing ions and various organic molecules

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18
Q

organic

A

molecules based on carbon

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19
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a protein based framework of filaments structures that among other things help maintain proper cell shape and plays a key role in cell division and chromosome segregation.

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20
Q

archaeans are almost as _____ from____ as you are.

A

different
bacteria

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21
Q

prokaryotic

A

lacking a nucleus

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22
Q

nucleiod (3)

A

present in bacteria and archaea

the DNA containing central region of the cell

has no boundary membrane separating it from the cytoplasm

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23
Q

nucleus

A

in eukaryotes
Store DNA contained within a membrane bound compartment

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24
Q

glycocalyx (3)

A

an external layer that coats the cell wall

helps protect prokaryotic cell from physical damage and desiccation(dehydration). Allow them to also attach to a surface or other cells

a polysaccharide

25
Q

when glycocalyx is diffuse and loosely associated with the cell:

A
  • a slime layer
26
Q

when glycocalyx is gelatinous and firmly attached to the cell: (2)

A

capsule
an external layer of sticky or slimy polysaccharides coating the cell wall

27
Q

Flagella

A

long threadlike protein fibres which extends from the cell surface.

28
Q

prokaryotic cytoskeleton play important roles in (3)

A

in cell division, creating and maintaining the proper shape of the cell

for certain bacteria: determining the polarity of the cells

29
Q

Bacteria flagellum how they move

A

helically shaped, rotates in a socket in the plasma mirage and cell wall to push through a liquid medium

30
Q

pili

A

hairlike shaft of protein extending from cell wall

attach the cell to surfaces or other cells

only in bacteria and archaea

31
Q

cell (2)

A

the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

carry out the essential processes of life.

32
Q

in almost all prokaryotic cells, the plasma membrane is surrounded by a ___________, _____

A

rigid external layer of material

the cell wall

33
Q

The cell wall

A

provides rigidity to prokaryotic cells and with the capsule, protects the cell

34
Q

Eukaryotes are divided into 4 groups:

A

protists
fungi
plants
animals

35
Q

the cells of all eukaryotes have a membrane bound compartment called the

A

nucleus

36
Q

what isn’t in prokaryotic cells?

A

system of membranous organelles

37
Q

cell fractionation

A

isolating specific organelles from the rest of the cell

38
Q

some of the protein form channels through the plasma membrane that transport substances into and out of the cell. other protein in the plasma membrane _______________

A

act as receptors. They recognize and bind specific signal molecules in the cellular environment and trigger internal responses

39
Q

A supportive cell wall surrounds (2)

A

the plasma membrane of fungal, plant and many protist cell

Extracellular structure

40
Q

In general eukaryotic ribosomes are

A

larger then bacteria and archaea ribosomes. They contain four types of rRNA molecules and more then 80 proteins

41
Q

in prokaryotes where are the ribosomes?

A

Roam freely in the cytoplasm

42
Q

in eukaryotic where are the ribosomes?

A

roam free or on er

43
Q

ribosomes are made up of
and made in

A

rRNA and proteins

the nucleolus and released to the cell

44
Q

proteins made on free ribosomes in the cytosol may….

A

remain in the cytosol or pass through the nuclear pores into the nucleus or become parts of mitochondria, chloroplast , or other cytoplasmic structures

proteins that enter the nucleus become part of chromatin or line the nuclear envelope or remain in solution in the nucleoplasm

45
Q

the proteins made on ribosomes attached to the ER

A

follow a special path to other organelles within the cell

46
Q

mitochondria

A

membrane bound organelles in which cellular respiration occurs

47
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process where energy rich molecules such as sugars fats and other fuels are broken down to water and co2 by mitochondria reactions with the release of energy. Much of the dingy released is captured in ATP

48
Q

Mitochondria requires____ for cellular respiration

A

oxygen

49
Q

Mitochondria requires____ for cellular respiration

A

oxygen

50
Q

The outer mitochondria membrane

A

Is smooth and covers the outside of the organelle

51
Q

The inner mitochondria membrane

A

expanded by folds called cristae

52
Q

Where does the ATP generating reactions of mitochondria occur?

A

In the cristae and matrix

53
Q

are chloroplast in eukaryotes

A

algal protist

54
Q

are cell walls in eukaryotes

A

algal protist and fungi

55
Q

chloroplast are family of

A

plastids

56
Q

all plastids

A

contain DNA genome and molecular machinery for gene expression and the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes

some of the proteins within plastids are encoded by their genome other are encoded by nuclear genes and are imported into the organelles

57
Q

grana

A

thylakoids stacked one onto of another

58
Q

thylakoid

A

flattened closed sacs

contain chlorophyll that absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy in photosynthesis

59
Q

stroma

A

uses enzyme to make carbohydrates and other complex organic molecules from the chemical energy from photosynthesis and water, co2 and other simple inorganic precursors

BIOL 241 (18 decks)

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