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Bio 30 > Topic 1 Nervous system > Flashcards

Topic 1 Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

The nervous system works in conjunction with

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

the nerves and endocrine system respond to both internal and external environment changes to maintain

A

homeostasis (balance) within the body

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3
Q

nerves are made up of

A

neurons

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4
Q

The nervous system responds via ____ messengers relayed ___

A

electrochemical,
from the brain

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5
Q

The endocrine system responds via ___ messengers relayed ___

A

chemical
through the bloodstream (hormones)

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6
Q

Two main types of nerve cells found in the nervous system :

A

Glial cells and neurons

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7
Q

Glial cells are used for

A

structural and nutritional support

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8
Q

Neurons do what

A

conduct nerve impulses throughout the body and are supported by glial cells

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9
Q

basic unit of nervous system is

A

neurons

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10
Q

Dendrites are

A

starting point with nucleus and branches which accept nerve impulses from other neurons and carry them twoards the cell body

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11
Q

Axons are

A

longer branches which carry nerve impulses away from the cell body

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12
Q

Myelin sheath

A

fat surrounding each axom , insulating the neuron , speeding up the rate of impulse transmission

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13
Q

Schwann cells are

A

a type of glial cell, responsible for producing the myelin around each axom

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14
Q

node of ranvier are

A

gaps between schwann cells, electrical impulses jump from node to node
no myesin

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15
Q

saltatory coduction

A

action potentials and electrical impulses that jump from node to node
this is the jumping

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16
Q

axom terminal

A

the ending of the neuron where electrical signals go to be passed to dendrites and adjoining neurons

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17
Q

myelinated neurons are

A

vital for proper signal transduction within the nervous system

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18
Q

myelinated neurons are
can they regenerate after injury

A

the fatty part that makes up the white matter of your brain responsible for conducting nerve impulses,
can regenerate after injury

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19
Q

unmeyelinated neurons make up the
can it regenerate?

A

grey matter of your brain responsible for processing information and generating nerve impulses
cannot regenerate

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20
Q

three main types of neurons

A

sensory neurons, internerouns, motor neurons

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21
Q

sensory neurons do what

A

gather information from sensory receptors and transmit these impulses to the brain
(sensory receptors are touch,taste,sight and sound)

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22
Q

interneurons do what

A

process and integrate incoming sensory information from sensory neurons and relay info to motor neurons

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23
Q

motor neurons do what

A

transmit information from the brain to muscles glands and organs

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24
Q

which neurons are responsible for what?
takung in processing and taking out

A

Sensory take info from sensory receptors in to the brain
Interneurons process information
Motor neurons transmit information back out of brain to muscles and organs

25
Q

CNS is

A

central nervous system or brain

26
Q

the pathways / order of type of neurons

A

Sensory > Interneurons > Motor neurons

27
Q

reflex arc is

A

a neural circuit that passes through interneurons in the spinal cord for immediate response
- simplest nerve pathway

28
Q

the reflex arc reflexs are

A

involuntary and unconscious ( no brain coordination)

29
Q

5 essential components for reflex arc in order

A

1- Receptor
2- Sensory neuron
3- Interneuron ( spinal cord)
4- motor neuron
5 - effector

30
Q

the speed of an impulse is dependent on

A

Myelin ( fatty) axons as the send information faster than non fatty ones
Diameter of axons = bigger = faster

31
Q

conduction of nerve impulses is a

A

electrochemical impulse and electrical event

32
Q

the stages of nerve impulses are

A

1- Polarized / resting state
2- Depolarization
3- Repolarization
4- Refractory period

33
Q

Resting state of nerve impulses is when

A

the inside of a neuron has a slight negative charge at rest and outside slight positive resulting in resting potential-70 mV
No message is being recived

34
Q

What happens during resting phase w sodium potassium pump

A

Sodium Na ions are found mostly outside and Potassium K ions within the axon along with other latge molecules that cant pass through the membrane, but membrane is slightly permable for K ions and they leak out = more positive outside and repative negative inside
ENDS UP WITH MORE POSITIVE OUTSIDE AND -70 inside
3 Na out 2 K in

35
Q

Resting state resting potential is

A

-70 mV

36
Q

Depolarization occurs when

A

action potential occur when neurons are stimulated by an electrical impulse and reaches -55mV

37
Q

What happens during depolarization period

A

an electrical impulse causes sodium Na gates to open letting them into the membrane so its slightly more positive on inside relative to the outside
-70 mV turns to 40 mV membrane is depolarized
Once Na reaches equalibrium the gates close

38
Q

threshold potential is a

A

all or none event must reach -55 mV to work , increasing the stimulus strenght dose not increase impulse strenght it will just fire or not fire

39
Q

tge intensity of a stimulus increase when

A

increased frequency of nerve impulses

40
Q

Repolarization is when

A

once action potential is peaked Na+ gates close and K+ gates open letting it out of axon

41
Q

Repolarization process

A

K ions leave out axon restoring initial -70mV
(reversed as compared to resting state when Na leaves )
So Na is higher inside membrane

42
Q

Refractory period or hyperpolarization is when

A

during repolarization so much K ions rush in tk membrane overshooting the -70mV potential instead is at like -90 mV becoming hyperpolarized and so the sodium potassium pump restores mV back to -70 but until it can do that the membrane cannot be made permable to Na

43
Q

all or nothing stage is

A

when the na rushes out before depolarization but if dosent reach -55 then no tepolarization occurs

44
Q

signal transduction across synapse is a

A

chemical event when axon terminal is in close contact with another neurons dendrites and the signal must cross the space between the synapse or synaptic cleft

45
Q

synapse or synaptic cleft is

A

the space between the axon terminal and dentrites of subsequent cell

46
Q

Neurotransmitters are required for

A

helping carry the electric impulse from one neuron to the next

47
Q

the way of signal transduction across synapses

A
  1. action potential reaches axon terminal of one neuron
  2. Calcium channels gates within axon terminal open, calcium ions flow into cell triggering movement of neurotransmitter vesicles twoards the presynaptic membrane
  3. Vesicles fuse to the membrane and neurotransmitters are released into synapses
  4. They defuse across synaptic cleft to post synaptic membrane
  5. they bind with receptors
  6. binding induces or inhibits action potential in corresponding neuron
  7. neurotransmetteurs are released by receptors and either return or are broken down by enzymes but dont go into membrane
48
Q

Neurotransmitters types

A

Excitatory or inhabitory

49
Q

Excilatory neurotransmitters

A

cause Na channels to open resulting in depolarization and continuing action potential

50
Q

acetylcholine is a

A

excitatory neurotransmitter found in muscle cells causing contractions of muscle celks

51
Q

chlinsterase is

A

the enzyme required to bteak down acetylcholine qfter action potential has occurred

52
Q

what causes miucles to remain in constant contraction state

A

insecticide and netve gas block the release of cholinesterase

53
Q

inhabitory neurotransmission

A

triggers K channels to open , K flows out and lowers membrane potential leading to hyperpolarization difficult to grnerate action potential

54
Q

GABA

A

gamma aminobutyric acid associated either epilepsy or hunters disease
type of inhabitory neurotransmitter

55
Q

Norepinephrine

A

produced by adrenal glands during flight or flight response can be exicibitory or inhabitory increases blood glucose levels, decreases digestion rate

56
Q

summation

A

effect produced by accumulation of neurotransmitters from
two or more neurons on the second neuron

57
Q

excitatory transmission + excitatory transmission

A

= action potential

58
Q

inhabitory transmission + excitatory transmission

A

= balance so nothing happens

Bio 30 (4 decks)

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