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Bio 30 > Molecular genetics > Flashcards

Molecular genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Define a chromosome

A

a condensed DNA molecule that carries genetic information

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2
Q

In DNA , What is a double strand nucleotide formed from?

A

Phosphate, sugar and nitrogen bases (A&T and C&G)

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3
Q

What tupe of bond holds together the complimentary nitrogen bases

A

Hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

Whats a double helix

A

Two strands of DNA held together by hydrogen bonds that form a spiral shape

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5
Q

which molecules form the backbone and rungs of the double helix

A

Backbone: sugar & phosphate
Rungs: nitrogen bases

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6
Q

Whats a anti parallel mean in double helix

A

the two strands that make up the double helix run in opposite directions

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7
Q

What is Mitochondrial DNA ? (mtDNA)

A

DNA found in all cells passed down in the egg cell from the mother , genetically identical to your mother

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8
Q

What is RNA
> made of
> structure and tole

A

Ribonucleic Acid
> sugar phosphate and nitrogen bases (U with A , no Thymine , C and G
>Single stranded plays a role in protein synthesis

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9
Q

What does the endosymbiont theory suggest

A

That both mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA were engulfed by anaerobic cells w nucleus and evolve very slowly

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10
Q

Who is Miescher and what did he find/do

A

Isolated DNA from white blood cell nuclei in 1869

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11
Q

Who is Chargaff and what did he find/do

A

In 1940s looked at DNA from different species and found that A and T are always in same proportion; as are C and G
(A=T , C=G)

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12
Q

Who is DNA structure determined by and how

A

Franklin, Watson , Crick and Wilkins determined DNA structure of double helix by using x ray crystallography

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13
Q

What is DNA structure : parts

A

DNA is 2 stranded: double helix
A and T same : C and G same

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14
Q

Who is and What did Franklin find

A

British scientists in 1950s , used x tay photography to find DNA double helix structure with repeating patterns with nitrogen bases on inside and sugar phosphate on outside

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15
Q

Who are Watson and Crick , what did they do

A

Scientisys that sere awarded for publishing g Franklins work: credited for double helix DNA and structure

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16
Q

Structure of DNA:
> DNA consists of?
> What is on each side?
> What is backbone?
> Whats a double helix?
>What are rungs and strungs of DNA ladder?
> The DNA double helix twists in what direction?

A

> DNA consists of 2 strands of nucleotides
On each nucleotide contains a sugar, phosphate and nitrogen bases
sugar and phosphate are the backbone
2 strands of DNA that ars in twisted lafder structure
nitrogen bases ars rungs and sugar phosphate are struts of ladder
clockwise direction

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17
Q

What did Hershey and Chase ecperiment do and find out

A

Teated ti gind out wether the contents inside DNA or protein coating we’re getting passed onto daughter cells from infected parents
> found out DNA was the hereditary material which gets passed on from parents cells to daughter cell

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18
Q

How does DNA store information

A

in the form of nitrogen bases

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19
Q

What did Griffith find out

A

Heat killed pathogenic strain mixed with harmless strain acted to transform them into pathogenic strain

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20
Q

Why replicate DNA?
> when is it done, type

A

So cells can divide during mitosis and meiosis and that their daughter cells will be able to have correct amounts of DNA
> during S phase of interphase )> )(
is semi conservative (half original half new)

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21
Q

What is the structural unit that makes up DNA ?

A

Nucleotide

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22
Q

What does antiparallel mean
> 5 to 3

A

The teo strands that make up the double helix are run in opposite directions
Both run in 5 to 3 direction one is leading and one lagging

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23
Q

What is enzyme role
> direction

A

Involved in DNA replication
> Read or copy DNA in one direction: 5 to 3

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24
Q

DNA replication: Initiation phase
> what happens
> enzymes

A

Starts at replication origin
> Helicase enzyme binds to the double helix and separates it into two strips
( opens up regions of DNA. replication bubbles)

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25
Q

DNA Replication: Elongation phase
> what happens
> enzymes involved

A

Each old parent serves as a tamplate to make new complementary strand
> RNA primase enzyme : marks starting point for nucleotide attachment
> DNA polymerase attaches floating nucleotides to parent DNA ( matching up A and T or C and G) in a 5’ to 3’ direction
> on leading strand it already goes 5 to 3 continously
> lagging strand goes opposite way so it grows in chunks ( Okazaki fragments) in 5 to 3 direction that are joined after by DNA ligass

26
Q

DNA Replication: Termination
> what happens
> structure

A

DNA automatically rewinds
> each DNa molecule has 1 parent strand and 1 new strand ( Semi conservative DNA)
each strand is x2 ( half new half old )

27
Q

DNA proofreading and correction
> done by who
> how does it happen

A

DNA polymerase is the proofreader: incorrect nucleotides out replaced w correct one
> happens immediately after one part of DNA is formed

28
Q

What are mutations
> mutagens
> inheritance

A

Mutations ate errors in DNA, likr changes is DNA sequence or mechanisms
> Mutagens cause mutations : ex . radiation, smoking
> inherited only if they occur in sex cells

29
Q

In which direction are nucleotides added during replication

A

5’ to 3’ direction

30
Q

What does the DNA enzyme Helicase do

A

Opens and unwinds DNA

31
Q

What does the DNA enzyme primase do

A

Synthesizes primer to begin elongation process and tell polymerase where to go

32
Q

What does the DNA polymerase enzyme do

A

Builds by adding nucleotides within replication bubbles so opposite letters pair up 3’ to 5’

33
Q

What does the DNA ligase enzyme do

A

Glues together Okazaki fragments of lagging strand

34
Q

What are genes

A

Specific segments of DNA on chromosomes

35
Q

What is gene expression

A

The way that information in a gene is converted into a specific characteristic through the production of a polypeptide (protein)

36
Q

What do proteins form
> what are polypeptides

A

Proteins form all skin, hair, muscles, enzymes in a cell
> products of all genes are polypeptides

37
Q

What are proteins
> how many

A

Proteins are sequences of amino acids
> 20 different aa

38
Q

How are aa joined together
> why?

A

They are joined together by dehydration synthesis , removing water to form peptide bonds > to form polypeptide chain

39
Q

What is a Codon
> form
> how many

A

Code for each amino acid
> formed of 3 nucleotides
? 61 codon combinations make all 20 amino acids

40
Q

What is RNA role
> types are

A

To convert the instructions in a gene into a polypeptide chain
> 2 types: Messenger mRNA and Transfer RNA tRNA

41
Q

What is the main differences of RNA from DNA

A
  • Different sugar than in DNA
  • Instead of Thymine (t paired w a) RNA has the base Uracil that bonds with Adenine
  • RNA is single stranded and van leave the nucleus unlike DNA which cant and is double stranded
42
Q

What is the order of DNA to protein and names of processes

A

DNA > RNA is transcription
RNA > Polypeptide protein is Translation

43
Q

What is and where is info carried:
1- Transcription
2 - Translation

A

1- Transcription is the process of converting DNA into MRNA , carried from nucleus to cytoplasm

2- Translation is process of synthesizing a specific protein as coded by MRNA in cytoplasm

44
Q

What is the central dogma

A

The whole process of genetic info passing via transcription from DNA genes to RNA copy of the gene and the RNA then directs the sequential assembly of a chain of aa to produce a protein

45
Q

Transcription
> where does it take place
> what happens
> steps

A

> takes place in nucleus
DNA sequence of gene is copied into single stranded mRNA
Initiation, Elongation and Termination

46
Q

What happens in RNA
1- Initiation
2- Elonhation
3- Termination
4 -Processing

A

1- RNA polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region and opens up double helix

2- Builds single stranded mRNA in 5’ to 3’ direction , no primer required and U instead of T

3- Synthesis stops at end of gene : termination n sequence

4- Before mRNA can leave nucleus it must mature: Introns are non coding stuff and get cit out , stay in the nucleus
Exons do code for protein and go out of nucleus they r linked by Splicesomes

47
Q

Translation:
> where dose it take place on ehat
> what happens
> the processes

A

> takes place in cytoplasm on ribosomes
Synthesis of protein under direction of mRNA, gene> protein
Initiation , elongation and Termination

48
Q

During translation how is the mRNA read
> codon

A

Read in grps of 3

> Each codon calls for a specific aa to be placed that forms the protein

49
Q

What are starting and stopping codons

A

Start: tells where translation begins , AUG codes for methionine

Stop: tells where translation stops, UAA or UGA or UAG , dosent code for any aa

50
Q

Translation steps : Initiation , Elongation and Termination

A

1: Initiation - Ribosome recognizes start codon and binds to site , it moves in 5’ to 3’ direction adding aa each time it reads a codon brough by tRNA

2- Peptide bonds form between two aa, tRNA are recycled , process continues

3- Ribosome reaches stop codon , releasing factor protein recognizes this and help release polypeptide chain

51
Q

When can mutations occur
> 2 types and what are tgey called

A

1- Chromosomal : occurs during crossing over in meiosis

2- Gene: Error in DNA caused by mutagens
> inherited if in reproductive genes ( gametes )

52
Q

What are point mutations:
>Types

A

Error occurs in a single base pair : substitution bc base pair is swapped

> Silent: dosent change aa sequence
Mis sense : leads to production of 1 different aa
Nonsense: leads to pre mature stop codon and binds

53
Q

What are frameshift mutations
> types

A

When a nucleotide is deleted or inserted in sequence and causes the change of whole thing
> Deletion: remove or Insertion: put extra

54
Q

Whats a codon

A

3 nitrogen bases and 1 aa

55
Q

What is recombent DNA
> how is it done

A

When gene from one species is transferred into the DNA of another organism
> Cut out the desired DNA sequence , cut by restricting enzyme
> Cut host DNA
> Insert and glue together done by ligase

56
Q

What are restriction enzymes

A

Enzymes that cut DNA and leave sticky ends or blunt ends to stick better

57
Q

What is ligase do

A

glue DNA

58
Q

How are organisms used to produce therapies

A

primarly by bacteria used to make insulin or growth hormone

59
Q

What are transgenic plants

A

genetically modified organisms GMOs , plants that have genes inserted for a desired look or to fight against viruses

60
Q

What are vectors
common ones are

A

methods of transportation > introducing foreign DN- into genome of a living cell
viruses common vector

61
Q

Whats DNA sequencing ?
> used for
> steps

A

DNA fingerprinting
> criminal identification
> collect DNA, Polymerase chain reaction: ampify make more DNA , cut out DNA into fragments with restriction enzymes
Last put into electrophoresis gel

Bio 30 (11 decks)

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