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Bio 30 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis is and maintained by

A

balance within the body that is maintained by endocrine system working in conjunction with nervous system

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2
Q

how are hormone levels regulated

A

through negative feedback mechanisms

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3
Q

whats negative feedback mechanism

A

a way hormone levels are regulated
> accumulation of certain biochemical switches off hormone synthesis to maintain homeostasis, prevents small changes from becoming too large

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4
Q

Whats positive feedback loop

A

reinforcement of change, rapidly accomplishing discrete physiological events and once accomplished the system stops

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5
Q

the endocrine system is run by

A

négative feedback loops

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6
Q

the nervous system is

A

rapid in responding to change, uses electrical and chemical signals which are relayed through neurons and affect specific locations one at a time

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7
Q

the endocrine system is

A

sustained response to change-longer time
uses hormonal signals that are relayed through the bloodstream and affect whole body functioning at longer periods of time

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8
Q

key glands of endocrine system

A

pineal gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis

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9
Q

Hypothalamus regulates the —— via

A

pituitary via nerves and hormones

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10
Q

hypothalamus produces what
and they stimulate what

A

releasing hormones (factors) that stimulate thr anterior pituitary gland to release a stored hormone

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11
Q

the pituitary is called ___ bc

A

master gland, as its responsible for releasing a number of hormones involved in critical functions

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12
Q

many hormones released by hypothalamus and pituitary are ___, meaning

A

tropoc hormones , meaning they stimulate other glands to release other hormones

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13
Q

Posterior pituitary does what and is

A

stores but doesn’t produce hormones (oxytocin qnd ADH) , is connected to hypothalamus via nerves

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14
Q

Anterior pituitary dose what and is stimulated by

A

synthesizes hGH, prolactin, TSH,ACTH,FSH and LH and is stimulated by hypothalamus with hormones

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15
Q

Thyroid produces

A

thyroxine and calcitonin

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16
Q

Parathyroid produces

A

parathyroid hormone

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17
Q

Adrenal medulla produces ___ that is involved in

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine involved in short term stress response

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18
Q

Adrenal cortex produces ___ involved in

A

cortisol and aldosterone involved in long term stress response

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19
Q

Pancreas is and dose what

A

, has specialized cluster of cells , (Islets of Langerchans ) that secret hormones into bloodstream and responsible for glucose regulation , creates beta cells to secrete insulin and alpha to secrete glucagon

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20
Q

Hormones are

A

chemical messagers transported via bloodstream that interact with receptor proteins specific to their target tissue leading to a cascade of events within cells

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21
Q

what are the two types of hormones and how are they classified

A

Classified by the way they interact with target cells
1- Water soluble hormone
2- Fat soluble hormone

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22
Q

what are water soluble hormones

A

proteins, peptides, amino acids derivatives

Hormones that cannot cross lipid membrane, repel from membrane and thus interact with cells by binding to external receptor cites

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23
Q

What are the fat soluble hormones

A

steroids

fat soluble hormones are able to diffuse across the lipid membrane and thus interact with cells by binding to receptors sites within the cytoplasm

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24
Q

Beta cells secrete
and Alpha cells secrete

A

beta cells move insulin
alpha move glucagon

25
Q

Hormones that affect growth and metabolism are

A

Human growth hormone (hGH), Thyroxine, Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

26
Q

Human growth hormone hGH is secreted by and dose what

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary
It increases protein synthesis, cell division and growth of bone and muscle, and metabolic release of stored fats and is especially important during puberty

27
Q

Human Growth hormone disorders (hGH)

A

Hyposécrétion: pituitary dwarfism
Hyper secretion adulthood: Acromegaly
Hyper secretion childhood: Gigantism

28
Q

hGH gigantism disorder is

A

hypersecretion , overproduction of hGH in childhood causing increase in growth of bones muscles and organs becoming extremely tall but body proportion remain normal

29
Q

hGH Acromegaly disorder is

A

hypersecretion, overproduction of hGH in adulthood leading to abnormal growth of bones like jaw nose hands but not proportional

30
Q

hGH disorder dwarfism is

A

hypo secretion, short stature from a decreased production of hGH leading ti delayed sexual and skeletal development but is proportionate and intelligence or lifespan remain normal

31
Q

what is hormone thyroxine secreted by an do

A

secreted by the thyroid gland after stimulation by tropic hormone TSH
It is responsible for increasing rate at which the body metabolizes fats proteins and carbs abd targets many organs

32
Q

secretion of Thyroxine and thyroid hormones are controlled by and how

A

Hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary thrrough two negative feedback loops

33
Q

Thyroid hormone feedback loop pathway is

A

Hypothalamus =Thyroid releasing Hormone (TRH) > Anterior Pituitary= Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) tropic > Thyroid gland + Iodine = thyroxine
Thyroxine has 2 feedback loops
1- to Anterior pituitary to stop producing TSH
2- to hypothalamus to stop producing TRG

34
Q

Disorders of Thyroid Gland

A

hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and goiter

35
Q

Hypothyroidism causes and symptoms

A

Tge thyroid gland dose not make enough thyroid hormone
Causes: inflammation of thyroid gland which damages the glands cells or autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland
Symptoms:: cold fatigue dry skin hair loss weight gain > eating a lot but not burning energy causes u to sleep a lot qnd goiter

36
Q

Hyperthyroidism causes and symptoms

A

the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone- overactive thyroid
Causes: too much iodine, graves disease (autoimmune disease), inflammation (thyroiditis) due to infections, non cancerous growths of thyroid gland or pituitary gland
Symptoms: Increased metabolism, difficulty concentrating, heat intolerance due to body producing a lot of heat, increased appetite, increased sweating, nervousness, restlessness, weight loss and goiter

37
Q

what’s cretinism

A

hypothyroidism in children leading to abnormal mental and physical development, growth retardation

38
Q

How’s hyperthyroidism treated

A

by removing a portion of the thyroid gland

39
Q

Whats iodines role in thyroxine production and what happens when theres not enough iodine

A

required for production
insufficient iodine inhibits thyroxine production meaning no signal and no feedback to stop production of TSH = constant stimulation developing a goiter

40
Q

whats a goiter and causes

A

enlargement of thyroid gland
caused by iodine deficiency or overactive thyroid

41
Q

Calcitonin is / dose

A

Secreted by thyroid
plays role in regulating blood calcium levels
Stored in bones when high levels in the blood
no negative feedback

42
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is/dose

A

Secreted by parathyroid
plays a role in regulating blood calcium levels
low concentrations of calcium in the blood trigger the release of PTH > stimulates bone cells to release calcium into blood thus raising blood calcium levels

43
Q

Calcitonin and PTH work

A

in opposition to play a role in the regulation of blood calcium levels

44
Q

Hormones that affect the body’s response to stress

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine, cortisol and aldosterone

45
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are and do what , causes

A

produced by adrenal medulla
regulate body’s short term response to stress, in stressful situations neurons from hypothalamus relay signal to adrenal medulla
Response is rapid as mediated by CNS
Controlled by sympathetic nervous system involved in fight or flight response
Causes: increased heart rate, breathing rate, blood flow, blood glucose levels and redirects blood flow to brain and muscles

46
Q

Cortisol is/dose
causes and effects

A

produced by adrenal cortex after stimulation by ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) as a long term stress response
promotes the breakdown of fats and proteins (aa) to glucose sugar
good for a bit but after a while it has long term health effects: impaired thinking, increased blood pressure, increased risk of diabetes and infection

47
Q

Aldosterone is/dose
causes and effects

A

produced by adrenal cortex , responds to low blood pressure due to loss of large loss of body fluids like hemorrhage

increases blood pressure by increasing absorption of sodium leading water to follow solute into bloodstream

long term stress response increasing oxygen delivery to cells

same pathway as cortisol

48
Q

Addison disease causes treatments n symptoms

A

results from damage to adrenal cortex causing the body to produce inadequate amounts of aldosterone and cortisol
symptoms: low blood sugar , ion imbalance, low bp, rapid weight loss, general weakness
treated w regular injections of glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids

49
Q

stress response hormones and wether they ate long or short term and whete produced

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine short term stress response fight or flight response produced by adrenal medulla

Cortisol and aldosterone produced by adrenal cortex long term stress response increase energy availability and delivery of oxygen for cells) good for a bit but not long time

50
Q

Hormones that affect blood sugar

A

Insulin and glucagon

51
Q

Insulin causes effects and secretion

A

hormone affecting blood sugar
secreted by beta cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas
makes cells more permeable to glucose after meal thereby decreasing blood glucose
promotes temporary storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver

52
Q

glucagon secretion, causes and effects

A

hormones affecting blood sugar
secreted by alpha cells of the islets of langerhans in pancreas
promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver when blood glucose is low

53
Q

insulin and glucagon work ___ to ___ and are regulated by

A

antagonistically - in opposition
to maintain normal blood glucose levels
reg by negative feedback mechanisms

54
Q

Diabetes mellitus is and cause

A

inability to produce enough or respond appropriately to insulin
cause blood glucose levels to rise sharply after meals
lack insulin to lowwer blood glucose required for metabolism and individuals become fatigued
can cause bad breath, sweet smelling pee or peeing lots

55
Q

Type 1 diabetes is aand causes treatments

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus is diagnosed in childhood
immune sustem produces antibodies that attack n destroy the beta cells of pancreas leads to decreased insulin production- no doorman
treated w daily insulin injections (doorman)

56
Q

Type 2 diabetes is causes and treatments

A

type 2 diabetes mellitus develops over time
cell receptors stop responding to insulin or beta cells produce less insulin (have doirman but dosent do anything)
associated with poor diet and lack of exercise
treated w insulin injections before meals

57
Q

Hormones that effect water and ion balance

A

ADH antidiuretic hormone

58
Q

whats ADH secreted by and do

A

secreted by posterior pituitary
regulates water reabsorption by kidney
body exerts less more concentration urine

59
Q

Hypo secretion diabetes insipidus is dose also pregnancy relation

A

affects individuals produce large amounts of dilute urine, loss of ions from blood
dont produce ADH
can happen during pregnancy as components of placenta are known to breaksown ADH

Bio 30 (10 decks)

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