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Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis is and maintained by

A

balance within the body that is maintained by endocrine system working in conjunction with nervous system

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2
Q

how are hormone levels regulated

A

through negative feedback mechanisms

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3
Q

whats negative feedback mechanism

A

a way hormone levels are regulated
> accumulation of certain biochemical switches off hormone synthesis to maintain homeostasis, prevents small changes from becoming too large

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4
Q

Whats positive feedback loop

A

reinforcement of change, rapidly accomplishing discrete physiological events and once accomplished the system stops

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5
Q

the endocrine system is run by

A

négative feedback loops

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6
Q

the nervous system is

A

rapid in responding to change, uses electrical and chemical signals which are relayed through neurons and affect specific locations one at a time

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7
Q

the endocrine system is

A

sustained response to change-longer time
uses hormonal signals that are relayed through the bloodstream and affect whole body functioning at longer periods of time

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8
Q

key glands of endocrine system

A

pineal gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis

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9
Q

Hypothalamus regulates the —— via

A

pituitary via nerves and hormones

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10
Q

hypothalamus produces what
and they stimulate what

A

releasing hormones (factors) that stimulate thr anterior pituitary gland to release a stored hormone

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11
Q

the pituitary is called ___ bc

A

master gland, as its responsible for releasing a number of hormones involved in critical functions

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12
Q

many hormones released by hypothalamus and pituitary are ___, meaning

A

tropoc hormones , meaning they stimulate other glands to release other hormones

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13
Q

Posterior pituitary does what and is

A

stores but doesn’t produce hormones (oxytocin qnd ADH) , is connected to hypothalamus via nerves

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14
Q

Anterior pituitary dose what and is stimulated by

A

synthesizes hGH, prolactin, TSH,ACTH,FSH and LH and is stimulated by hypothalamus with hormones

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15
Q

Thyroid produces

A

thyroxine and calcitonin

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16
Q

Parathyroid produces

A

parathyroid hormone

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17
Q

Adrenal medulla produces ___ that is involved in

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine involved in short term stress response

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18
Q

Adrenal cortex produces ___ involved in

A

cortisol and aldosterone involved in long term stress response

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19
Q

Pancreas is and dose what

A

, has specialized cluster of cells , (Islets of Langerchans ) that secret hormones into bloodstream and responsible for glucose regulation , creates beta cells to secrete insulin and alpha to secrete glucagon

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20
Q

Hormones are

A

chemical messagers transported via bloodstream that interact with receptor proteins specific to their target tissue leading to a cascade of events within cells

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21
Q

what are the two types of hormones and how are they classified

A

Classified by the way they interact with target cells
1- Water soluble hormone
2- Fat soluble hormone

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22
Q

what are water soluble hormones

A

proteins, peptides, amino acids derivatives

Hormones that cannot cross lipid membrane, repel from membrane and thus interact with cells by binding to external receptor cites

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23
Q

What are the fat soluble hormones

A

steroids

fat soluble hormones are able to diffuse across the lipid membrane and thus interact with cells by binding to receptors sites within the cytoplasm

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24
Q

Beta cells secrete
and Alpha cells secrete

A

beta cells move insulin
alpha move glucagon

25
Hormones that affect growth and metabolism are
Human growth hormone (hGH), Thyroxine, Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
26
Human growth hormone hGH is secreted by and dose what
Secreted by anterior pituitary It increases protein synthesis, cell division and growth of bone and muscle, and metabolic release of stored fats and is especially important during puberty
27
Human Growth hormone disorders (hGH)
Hyposécrétion: pituitary dwarfism Hyper secretion adulthood: Acromegaly Hyper secretion childhood: Gigantism
28
hGH gigantism disorder is
hypersecretion , overproduction of hGH in childhood causing increase in growth of bones muscles and organs becoming extremely tall but body proportion remain normal
29
hGH Acromegaly disorder is
hypersecretion, overproduction of hGH in adulthood leading to abnormal growth of bones like jaw nose hands but not proportional
30
hGH disorder dwarfism is
hypo secretion, short stature from a decreased production of hGH leading ti delayed sexual and skeletal development but is proportionate and intelligence or lifespan remain normal
31
what is hormone thyroxine secreted by an do
secreted by the thyroid gland after stimulation by tropic hormone TSH It is responsible for increasing rate at which the body metabolizes fats proteins and carbs abd targets many organs
32
secretion of Thyroxine and thyroid hormones are controlled by and how
Hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary thrrough two negative feedback loops
33
Thyroid hormone feedback loop pathway is
Hypothalamus =Thyroid releasing Hormone (TRH) > Anterior Pituitary= Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) tropic > Thyroid gland + Iodine = thyroxine Thyroxine has 2 feedback loops 1- to Anterior pituitary to stop producing TSH 2- to hypothalamus to stop producing TRG
34
Disorders of Thyroid Gland
hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and goiter
35
Hypothyroidism causes and symptoms
Tge thyroid gland dose not make enough thyroid hormone Causes: inflammation of thyroid gland which damages the glands cells or autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland Symptoms:: cold fatigue dry skin hair loss weight gain > eating a lot but not burning energy causes u to sleep a lot qnd goiter
36
Hyperthyroidism causes and symptoms
the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone- overactive thyroid Causes: too much iodine, graves disease (autoimmune disease), inflammation (thyroiditis) due to infections, non cancerous growths of thyroid gland or pituitary gland Symptoms: Increased metabolism, difficulty concentrating, heat intolerance due to body producing a lot of heat, increased appetite, increased sweating, nervousness, restlessness, weight loss and goiter
37
what’s cretinism
hypothyroidism in children leading to abnormal mental and physical development, growth retardation
38
How’s hyperthyroidism treated
by removing a portion of the thyroid gland
39
Whats iodines role in thyroxine production and what happens when theres not enough iodine
required for production insufficient iodine inhibits thyroxine production meaning no signal and no feedback to stop production of TSH = constant stimulation developing a goiter
40
whats a goiter and causes
enlargement of thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency or overactive thyroid
41
Calcitonin is / dose
Secreted by thyroid plays role in regulating blood calcium levels Stored in bones when high levels in the blood no negative feedback
42
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is/dose
Secreted by parathyroid plays a role in regulating blood calcium levels low concentrations of calcium in the blood trigger the release of PTH > stimulates bone cells to release calcium into blood thus raising blood calcium levels
43
Calcitonin and PTH work
in opposition to play a role in the regulation of blood calcium levels
44
Hormones that affect the body’s response to stress
epinephrine/norepinephrine, cortisol and aldosterone
45
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are and do what , causes
produced by adrenal medulla regulate body’s short term response to stress, in stressful situations neurons from hypothalamus relay signal to adrenal medulla Response is rapid as mediated by CNS Controlled by sympathetic nervous system involved in fight or flight response Causes: increased heart rate, breathing rate, blood flow, blood glucose levels and redirects blood flow to brain and muscles
46
Cortisol is/dose causes and effects
produced by adrenal cortex after stimulation by ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) as a long term stress response promotes the breakdown of fats and proteins (aa) to glucose sugar good for a bit but after a while it has long term health effects: impaired thinking, increased blood pressure, increased risk of diabetes and infection
47
Aldosterone is/dose causes and effects
produced by adrenal cortex , responds to low blood pressure due to loss of large loss of body fluids like hemorrhage increases blood pressure by increasing absorption of sodium leading water to follow solute into bloodstream long term stress response increasing oxygen delivery to cells same pathway as cortisol
48
Addison disease causes treatments n symptoms
results from damage to adrenal cortex causing the body to produce inadequate amounts of aldosterone and cortisol symptoms: low blood sugar , ion imbalance, low bp, rapid weight loss, general weakness treated w regular injections of glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids
49
stress response hormones and wether they ate long or short term and whete produced
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine short term stress response fight or flight response produced by adrenal medulla Cortisol and aldosterone produced by adrenal cortex long term stress response increase energy availability and delivery of oxygen for cells) good for a bit but not long time
50
Hormones that affect blood sugar
Insulin and glucagon
51
Insulin causes effects and secretion
hormone affecting blood sugar secreted by beta cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas makes cells more permeable to glucose after meal thereby decreasing blood glucose promotes temporary storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver
52
glucagon secretion, causes and effects
hormones affecting blood sugar secreted by alpha cells of the islets of langerhans in pancreas promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver when blood glucose is low
53
insulin and glucagon work ___ to ___ and are regulated by
antagonistically - in opposition to maintain normal blood glucose levels reg by negative feedback mechanisms
54
Diabetes mellitus is and cause
inability to produce enough or respond appropriately to insulin cause blood glucose levels to rise sharply after meals lack insulin to lowwer blood glucose required for metabolism and individuals become fatigued can cause bad breath, sweet smelling pee or peeing lots
55
Type 1 diabetes is aand causes treatments
type 1 diabetes mellitus is diagnosed in childhood immune sustem produces antibodies that attack n destroy the beta cells of pancreas leads to decreased insulin production- no doorman treated w daily insulin injections (doorman)
56
Type 2 diabetes is causes and treatments
type 2 diabetes mellitus develops over time cell receptors stop responding to insulin or beta cells produce less insulin (have doirman but dosent do anything) associated with poor diet and lack of exercise treated w insulin injections before meals
57
Hormones that effect water and ion balance
ADH antidiuretic hormone
58
whats ADH secreted by and do
secreted by posterior pituitary regulates water reabsorption by kidney body exerts less more concentration urine
59
Hypo secretion diabetes insipidus is dose also pregnancy relation
affects individuals produce large amounts of dilute urine, loss of ions from blood dont produce ADH can happen during pregnancy as components of placenta are known to breaksown ADH

Bio 30 (11 decks)

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