Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 30 > Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA
> where is it found

A

genetic information
> found within the nucleus of each and every cell, tightly packed into chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

whats a chromosome

A

tightly packed DNA , neat version

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

whats a chromatin

A

unpackaged DNA , messy spaghetti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does chromosome form

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes when the cell is about to divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the two versions of chromosomes

A

n: one chromosome unduplicated , haploid (23)

2n: one chromosome duplicated, diploid (46) two sister chromatids and centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

does more chromosomes equal higher intelligence or complexity

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have
> which

A

46 total= 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
> 22 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are homologous chromosomes (homologous pairs)

A

Two chromosomes (2n) in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father

XX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many chromosomes in meiosis n
what are they

A

23
sex cells, gametes sperm or egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how many chromosomes in 2n
what are they

A

46
body cells, somatic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are organisms containing more than two homologus chromosomes in each cell called

A

polyploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is interphase
> 3 phases
> how much of cell life

A

Interphase is getting ready for cellular division or mitosis
> G1 phase , S phase and G2 phase
> 90% of cells life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the phases of interphase
> what do they do

A

G1 phase, Cell growth
S phase DNA replication
G2 phase preparation for division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a cells cycle stages

A

Interphase > mitosis> cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is mitosis
> produces?
> purpose?
> stages?

A

Mitosis is 2n>2n (46 body cells)
>Mitosis is division of body and somatic cells to produce more of them
> growth maintenance and repair
> prophase, metaphase, anaphase , telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mitosis cannot produce

A

sex cells with 23 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prophase
> what happens and whats inside cell
> what happens with membrane
> what happens with spindle fibres and centrioles

A

> during prophase each pair of homologous chromosomes has been duplicated= 2xDNA
chromatin (spaghetti) condenses to form chromosomes
membrane breaks down
centrioles move to opposite ends and spindle fibets begin to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prophase everything happening

A

-2xDNA
- chromatin > chromosome
> nuclear membrane breaks down
> centrioles move to opposite sides and spindle fibres begin to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Metaphase
> how many chromosomes
> what happens
> spindle fibres and centromere

A

> 46 duplicated chromosomes line up at equator
spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each chromosome you line up in middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Metaphase everything happening

A

> 46 chromosomes duplicated line up in middle
guided by spindle fibres to middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anaphase everything happening
> spindle fibres
> chromosomes

A

> spindle fibres shorten and sister chromatids are pulled apart, centromeres split
two opposing poles are formed each with diploid set of dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Telophase
> what happens
> spindle fibres
> chromosome
> nuclear membrane

A

> chromosomes reach opposite poles of cell now trying to split
spindle fibres break down
chromosomes begin to unwind into chromatin
nuclear membrane forms around genetic info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cytokinises
> when does it occur miosis
> what happens
> what happens to daughter cells

A

> after telokenises
cleavage furrow forms , cytoplasm splits to form 2 daughter cell with same genetic content as original mother cell
daughter cells enter G1 phase of interphase

24
Q

how does telophase and cytokinesis look different in plant cells why

A

Plant cells contain rigid cell wall so they cant pinch in and form cleavage furrow so instead a plate forms between two daughter nuclei eventually developing into a cell wall

25
what is cancer
uncontrolled cell growth due to under production of chemicals that regulate growth factors or the over production of growth factors themselves
26
how much chromosomes do gametes have
half of genetic info so 23 n
27
What is meiosis > produce > formula
>Creation of gamete cells (sperm egg), daughter cells with fewer chromosomes than parent cell and different combinations of genes > 2n> n>n
28
what happens in prophase 1 (meiosis 1)
> the cell contains pairs of homologous chromosomes, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, spindle fibres, centrioles > nuclear membrane dissolves > homologous chromosomes match up for crossing over (synapsis) increases diversity
29
when does crossing over (synapsis happen) what is it and do
prophase 1 of meiosis > homologous chromosomes match up and mix genes to add diversity
30
What happens in metaphase 1 of meiosis
> homologous pairs of chromosomes line up (XX) at the middle > independent assortment, random assortment of chromosomes to increase diversity
31
when does independent assortment happen
meiosis metaphase 1
32
what happens in anaphase 1 of meiosis
> spindle fibres shorten , pull homologous chromosomes apart > Whole x > sister chromatids remain together each pole has a set of full dna
33
what happens in telophase 1, meiosis
>chromosomes (x) uncoil , spindle fibres disappear > cytoplasm is divided , nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes > each new cell is haploid( contain either maternal or paternal dna)
34
does interphase occur twice in meiosis
nooo dna dosent get replicated again only at beginning
35
what kind of division is meiosis 2, formula?
mitotic n>n haploid to haploid but its x > ) so haploid duplicated to unduplicated
36
what happens in prophase 2 of meiosis
chromosomes visible, nuclear membrane disappears, mitotic spindle fibre forms
37
what happens in metaphase 2 of meiosis
chromosomes allogn single file on plate
38
what happens anaphase 2 of meiosis
sister chromatids pulled apart x> ) ( to opposite poles
39
what happens in telophase 2 of meiosis
nuclear membrane forms , 4 haploid cells
40
What happens in cytokinesis in meiosis > male > female
> 4 haploid cells each form gametes, called spermatogenesis= 4 viable sperm cells > females, cytoplasm not equally divided = single ovum and 3 polar bodies ( cant be fertilized) process called oogenesis
41
whats meiosis non disjunction > causes what > most occurs > results
uneven splitting of chromosomes > chromosomal abnormalities > occur mostly bc maternal age, most common in anaphase 1 and 2 when sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes fail to separate > monosomy or trisomy etc
42
when does meiosis non disjunction occur commonly
Anaphase 1 and 2
43
what does non disjunction result in > what disorders are result of that
monosomy : missing a chromosome (2n=45) , lethal if missing full chromosome other than x > turner syndrome (x,0) 22 chromosomes trisomy: extra chromosome (2n=47) > down syndrome (21) , edward’s syndrome (18) , supermales (xyy) ,trisomy x (xxx) , patau syndrome (13) and klinefelter syndrome (xxy)
44
what are the 3 types of genetic testing > purpose
Purpose: looks for abnormalities in chromosomes Amniocentesis, Chronic villi sampling and karyotype
45
what is there genetic testing Amniocentesis > when is it tested > sample
Test looking for chromosomal abnormalities > tested prenatal (16th-20th week) > a sample of fluid surrounding baby
46
what id the genetic testing CVS > when > sample
Chronic villi sampling to look for chromosomal abnormalities > 11th to 14th week prenatal > tissue taken from chorion/placenta
47
whats the genetic testing karyotype > sample
Prenatal test , picture of chromosomes to look for abnormalities > picture of chromosomes matched up by size bonding pattern and centromere location
48
Reproductive strategy : Binary fission > used by > type of reproduction > what is produced how
> used by bacteria > asexual reproduction > identical populations produced through rapid growth , no chromosomes involved just replication of itself
49
Reproductive strategy; Conjugation > utilized by > type of reproduction > how does it happen what is produced
> utilized by bacteria > sexual reproduction > dna source is transferred from one cell to another through pilli creating new genetic combinations that are not identical
50
Perpoductive strategy: Budding > utilized by > type of reproduction > how and what happens
> by metazoans such as corals, sponges and hydra > asexual reproduction > a minature version of parent grows out of parents body and separates once mature , identical
51
Reproductive strategy: Vegatative reproduction > used by > type of reproduction > what how happens
> plants > asexual reproduction > a plant develops new identical plant at rnd of stem, stem disintegration happens once new plant is mature
52
Reproductive strategy: Parthenogenesis > used by > type of reproduction > how where
> used by honeybees no specific species > asexual reproduction > unfertilized egg develops into an adult, feritillized too but different things ( ex in honeybees fertilized into female new queens and unfertilized into worker)
53
Reproductive strategy: Spores > used by > type of reproduction > how where
> used by spores > asexual > spores may be haploid or diploid as a result of both sexual and asexual reproduction resulting in diversity, basically parents disperse offspring long distances
54
Reproductive strategy: Spores > used by > type of reproduction > how where
> used by spores > asexual > spores may be haploid or diploid as a result of both sexual and asexual reproduction resulting in diversity, basically parents disperse offspring long distances
55
alterations of generations > generations > how it works
Life cycle of some plants consisting of two generations > diploid (2n) generation or sporophyte and haploid (n) or gametophyte > sporophyte (2n diploid) through meiosis > multiple gametes (n haploid) > spread and develops without fertilization (still n but big) > grow into gametophyte > male and female gametes (n)> two n frertilize = zygote that develops into sporophyte ( diploid 2n)
56
example of sporophyte and gametophyte and what are they dip or haploid roles
sporophyte diploid (2n) , makes gametes (n), ex. tree gametophyte haploid (n) , gamete produced ( cones) that develop into big n without fertilization grows into gametophyte and makes gametes that male female fertilize and make sporophyte

Bio 30 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions