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Bio 30 > Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA
> where is it found

A

genetic information
> found within the nucleus of each and every cell, tightly packed into chromosomes

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2
Q

whats a chromosome

A

tightly packed DNA , neat version

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3
Q

whats a chromatin

A

unpackaged DNA , messy spaghetti

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4
Q

how does chromosome form

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes when the cell is about to divide

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5
Q

what are the two versions of chromosomes

A

n: one chromosome unduplicated , haploid (23)

2n: one chromosome duplicated, diploid (46) two sister chromatids and centromere

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6
Q

does more chromosomes equal higher intelligence or complexity

A

no

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7
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have
> which

A

46 total= 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
> 22 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair sex chromosomes

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8
Q

what are homologous chromosomes (homologous pairs)

A

Two chromosomes (2n) in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father

XX

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9
Q

how many chromosomes in meiosis n
what are they

A

23
sex cells, gametes sperm or egg

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10
Q

how many chromosomes in 2n
what are they

A

46
body cells, somatic cells

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11
Q

what are organisms containing more than two homologus chromosomes in each cell called

A

polyploid

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12
Q

what is interphase
> 3 phases
> how much of cell life

A

Interphase is getting ready for cellular division or mitosis
> G1 phase , S phase and G2 phase
> 90% of cells life

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13
Q

What are the phases of interphase
> what do they do

A

G1 phase, Cell growth
S phase DNA replication
G2 phase preparation for division

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14
Q

what is a cells cycle stages

A

Interphase > mitosis> cytokinesis

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15
Q

What is mitosis
> produces?
> purpose?
> stages?

A

Mitosis is 2n>2n (46 body cells)
>Mitosis is division of body and somatic cells to produce more of them
> growth maintenance and repair
> prophase, metaphase, anaphase , telophase

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16
Q

mitosis cannot produce

A

sex cells with 23 chromosomes

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17
Q

Prophase
> what happens and whats inside cell
> what happens with membrane
> what happens with spindle fibres and centrioles

A

> during prophase each pair of homologous chromosomes has been duplicated= 2xDNA
chromatin (spaghetti) condenses to form chromosomes
membrane breaks down
centrioles move to opposite ends and spindle fibets begin to form

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18
Q

Prophase everything happening

A

-2xDNA
- chromatin > chromosome
> nuclear membrane breaks down
> centrioles move to opposite sides and spindle fibres begin to form

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19
Q

Metaphase
> how many chromosomes
> what happens
> spindle fibres and centromere

A

> 46 duplicated chromosomes line up at equator
spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each chromosome you line up in middle

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20
Q

Metaphase everything happening

A

> 46 chromosomes duplicated line up in middle
guided by spindle fibres to middle

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21
Q

Anaphase everything happening
> spindle fibres
> chromosomes

A

> spindle fibres shorten and sister chromatids are pulled apart, centromeres split
two opposing poles are formed each with diploid set of dna

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22
Q

Telophase
> what happens
> spindle fibres
> chromosome
> nuclear membrane

A

> chromosomes reach opposite poles of cell now trying to split
spindle fibres break down
chromosomes begin to unwind into chromatin
nuclear membrane forms around genetic info

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23
Q

cytokinises
> when does it occur miosis
> what happens
> what happens to daughter cells

A

> after telokenises
cleavage furrow forms , cytoplasm splits to form 2 daughter cell with same genetic content as original mother cell
daughter cells enter G1 phase of interphase

24
Q

how does telophase and cytokinesis look different in plant cells why

A

Plant cells contain rigid cell wall so they cant pinch in and form cleavage furrow so instead a plate forms between two daughter nuclei eventually developing into a cell wall

25
Q

what is cancer

A

uncontrolled cell growth due to under production of chemicals that regulate growth factors or the over production of growth factors themselves

26
Q

how much chromosomes do gametes have

A

half of genetic info so 23 n

27
Q

What is meiosis
> produce
> formula

A

> Creation of gamete cells (sperm egg), daughter cells with fewer chromosomes than parent cell and different combinations of genes
2n> n>n

28
Q

what happens in prophase 1 (meiosis 1)

A

> the cell contains pairs of homologous chromosomes, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, spindle fibres, centrioles
nuclear membrane dissolves
homologous chromosomes match up for crossing over (synapsis) increases diversity

29
Q

when does crossing over (synapsis happen) what is it and do

A

prophase 1 of meiosis
> homologous chromosomes match up and mix genes to add diversity

30
Q

What happens in metaphase 1 of meiosis

A

> homologous pairs of chromosomes line up (XX) at the middle
independent assortment, random assortment of chromosomes to increase diversity

31
Q

when does independent assortment happen

A

meiosis metaphase 1

32
Q

what happens in anaphase 1 of meiosis

A

> spindle fibres shorten , pull homologous chromosomes apart > Whole x
sister chromatids remain together each pole has a set of full dna

33
Q

what happens in telophase 1, meiosis

A

> chromosomes (x) uncoil , spindle fibres disappear
cytoplasm is divided , nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes
each new cell is haploid( contain either maternal or paternal dna)

34
Q

does interphase occur twice in meiosis

A

nooo
dna dosent get replicated again only at beginning

35
Q

what kind of division is meiosis 2, formula?

A

mitotic n>n
haploid to haploid but its x > )
so haploid duplicated to unduplicated

36
Q

what happens in prophase 2 of meiosis

A

chromosomes visible, nuclear membrane disappears, mitotic spindle fibre forms

37
Q

what happens in metaphase 2 of meiosis

A

chromosomes allogn single file on plate

38
Q

what happens anaphase 2 of meiosis

A

sister chromatids pulled apart x> ) (
to opposite poles

39
Q

what happens in telophase 2 of meiosis

A

nuclear membrane forms , 4 haploid cells

40
Q

What happens in cytokinesis in meiosis
> male
> female

A

> 4 haploid cells each form gametes, called spermatogenesis= 4 viable sperm cells
females, cytoplasm not equally divided = single ovum and 3 polar bodies ( cant be fertilized) process called oogenesis

41
Q

whats meiosis non disjunction
> causes what
> most occurs
> results

A

uneven splitting of chromosomes
> chromosomal abnormalities
> occur mostly bc maternal age, most common in anaphase 1 and 2 when sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes fail to separate
> monosomy or trisomy etc

42
Q

when does meiosis non disjunction occur commonly

A

Anaphase 1 and 2

43
Q

what does non disjunction result in
> what disorders are result of that

A

monosomy : missing a chromosome (2n=45) , lethal if missing full chromosome other than x
> turner syndrome (x,0) 22 chromosomes
trisomy: extra chromosome (2n=47)
> down syndrome (21) , edward’s syndrome (18) , supermales (xyy) ,trisomy x (xxx) , patau syndrome (13) and klinefelter syndrome (xxy)

44
Q

what are the 3 types of genetic testing
> purpose

A

Purpose: looks for abnormalities in chromosomes
Amniocentesis, Chronic villi sampling and karyotype

45
Q

what is there genetic testing Amniocentesis
> when is it tested
> sample

A

Test looking for chromosomal abnormalities
> tested prenatal (16th-20th week)
> a sample of fluid surrounding baby

46
Q

what id the genetic testing CVS
> when
> sample

A

Chronic villi sampling to look for chromosomal abnormalities
> 11th to 14th week prenatal
> tissue taken from chorion/placenta

47
Q

whats the genetic testing karyotype
> sample

A

Prenatal test , picture of chromosomes to look for abnormalities
> picture of chromosomes matched up by size bonding pattern and centromere location

48
Q

Reproductive strategy : Binary fission
> used by
> type of reproduction
> what is produced how

A

> used by bacteria
asexual reproduction
identical populations produced through rapid growth , no chromosomes involved just replication of itself

49
Q

Reproductive strategy; Conjugation
> utilized by
> type of reproduction
> how does it happen what is produced

A

> utilized by bacteria
sexual reproduction
dna source is transferred from one cell to another through pilli creating new genetic combinations that are not identical

50
Q

Perpoductive strategy: Budding
> utilized by
> type of reproduction
> how and what happens

A

> by metazoans such as corals, sponges and hydra
asexual reproduction
a minature version of parent grows out of parents body and separates once mature , identical

51
Q

Reproductive strategy: Vegatative reproduction
> used by
> type of reproduction
> what how happens

A

> plants
asexual reproduction
a plant develops new identical plant at rnd of stem, stem disintegration happens once new plant is mature

52
Q

Reproductive strategy: Parthenogenesis
> used by
> type of reproduction
> how where

A

> used by honeybees no specific species
asexual reproduction
unfertilized egg develops into an adult, feritillized too but different things
( ex in honeybees fertilized into female new queens and unfertilized into worker)

53
Q

Reproductive strategy: Spores
> used by
> type of reproduction
> how where

A

> used by spores
asexual
spores may be haploid or diploid as a result of both sexual and asexual reproduction resulting in diversity, basically parents disperse offspring long distances

54
Q

Reproductive strategy: Spores
> used by
> type of reproduction
> how where

A

> used by spores
asexual
spores may be haploid or diploid as a result of both sexual and asexual reproduction resulting in diversity, basically parents disperse offspring long distances

55
Q

alterations of generations
> generations
> how it works

A

Life cycle of some plants consisting of two generations
> diploid (2n) generation or sporophyte and haploid (n) or gametophyte
> sporophyte (2n diploid) through meiosis > multiple gametes (n haploid) > spread and develops without fertilization (still n but big) > grow into gametophyte > male and female gametes (n)> two n frertilize = zygote that develops into sporophyte ( diploid 2n)

56
Q

example of sporophyte and gametophyte and what are they dip or haploid roles

A

sporophyte diploid (2n) , makes gametes (n), ex. tree

gametophyte haploid (n) , gamete produced ( cones) that develop into big n without fertilization grows into gametophyte and makes gametes that male female fertilize and make sporophyte

Bio 30 (10 decks)

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