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Bio 30 > Reproduction pt.3 human development > Flashcards

Reproduction pt.3 human development Flashcards

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1
Q

What dose prenatal mean?
> how many trimesters and what are they?
> how many phases and what are they ?

A

Prenatal means before birth
> divided into 3 trimesters, 3 months each
> 3 phases, zygote, embryo and fetus

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2
Q

what is the first phase of prenatal
2nd
3rd

A

zygote, sperm + egg
embryo is second, weeks 1-8
fetus is 3rd , weeks 9-40

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3
Q

What is fertilization
> wgere dose it occur
> how is zygote formed
> how many chromosomes

A

> Fertilization occurs in fallopian tubes(oviduct)
oocyte(egg) is released and viable for 12-24 hrs and egg membrane changes so only 1 sperm can enter and form zygote
23 chromosomes egg + 23 sperm = 46 zygote

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4
Q

1st stage of embryonic development
> what begins
> what is formed
> how long dose it take to reach uterus

A

> Zygote begins clevage ( rapid cell division) by mitosis without enlargement
after it splits to 16to32 times it forms a morula in fallopian tube (oviduct)
3-4 days to reach uterus

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5
Q

whats cleavage and where does it occur and form what

A

zygote rapid cell division without enlargement that occurs in fallopian tubes(oviduct) to form a morula (16to32cells stage)

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6
Q

what is a morula

A

the zygote cell being divided into 16-32 cells in fallopian tubes(oviduct)

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7
Q

2nd stage of embryonic development
> what is formed from morula
> what is that made up of

A

> Blastocyst is formed
made up of two groups of cells: trophoblast and embryoblast

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8
Q

what is the trophoblast ?
what does it become?

A

> the outer layer of blastocyst
becomes the chorion (outer membrane) and amnion (inside of chorion , fluid filled)

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9
Q

What is the chorion?
What does it secrete?

A

> outer membrane of trophoblast
secretes enzymes that digest endometrium and allow implantation (10-14day) and hCG( human chorionic gonadotropin) that maintains CL
forms fetal part of placenta

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10
Q

what is HCG and what does it do

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone produced by chorion that maintains the CL when pregnant until placenta starts to produce progesterone then HCG levels drop and CL degenerates , placenta takes over

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11
Q

when is HCG high and how is that able to tell females they r pregnant

A

HCG high 1 n 2 month and activates preg tests which can tell females they r pregnant

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12
Q

when is HCG high and how is that able to tell females they r pregnant

A

HCG high 1 n 2 month and activates preg tests which can tell females they r pregnant

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13
Q

What is the inner cell grp of blastocyst called
> what does it do

A

Inner cell mass called embryoblast and it develops into embryo

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14
Q

what is the amnion

A

inside of chorion , fluid filled insulating embryo/fetus

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15
Q

what is implantation ?
how does it occur

A

once the blastocyst attaches to wall of endometrium
> the trophoblast secretes enzymes that digest tissue and blood vessels of endometrium it allows blastocyst to sick into uterine wall

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16
Q

what occurs after implantation happens?

A

the trophoblast begins to secrete hCG which maintains the CL so it continues secreting estrogen and progesterone which maintains endometrium and prevents menstruation

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17
Q

When do hCG levels decline

A

after second month when placenta is big enough to take over secreting estrogen and progesterone on its own

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18
Q

what is needed for pregnancy to continue in its early stages

A

menstruation to not occur by keeping high estrogen and progesterone levels

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19
Q

how are estrogen and progesterone levels kept high in pregnancy

A

released by CL and if that cannot be maintained the blastocyst releasea these hormones itself
then once placenta matures it releases

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20
Q

3rd stage of embryonic development is called
> what is it

A

Gastrulation
> start of morphogenesis: differentiation if cells into 3 layers , making layers folding

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21
Q

During gastrulation the 3 layers formed are :
what do they form

A

Ectoderm (outside)- forms all nervous tissue, skin , hair, nails, pituitary,adrenal medulla…

Mesoderm(middle)- muscle, bone, cartilage and reproductive system

Endoderm(inside)- organs and linnings of digestive and respiratory systems, endocrine glands

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22
Q

what is the ectoderm and what does it form

A

outer layer if gastrula
forms all nervous tissue , skin , hair , nails, lens, pituitary and adrenal medulla

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23
Q

What is the mesoderm and what does it form

A

Middle layer of gastrula
forms muscle cartilage bone blood and reproductive system

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24
Q

what is the endoderm
what does ir form

A

inner layer of gastrula
forms linings of digestive and respiratory systems, endocrine glands, organs

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25
Q

what are extra embryonic structures

A

structures that support the developing embryo

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26
Q

where is fetal part of placenta formed

A

chorion

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27
Q

what are the extra embryonic structures

A

Chorion, placenta, Amnion, Allantois, yolk sac , amniotic fluid, chorionic villi , endometrium

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28
Q

What is the placenta
> hows it formed when
> roles

A

> Placenta is temporary organ made from chorion and endometrium formed by 10-12 week that allows exchange between mom and baby
transports nutrients mother to fetus, stores nutrients, transports wastes from fetal blood to mother blood, transports Oxygen from mother to baby and CO2 from baby to mother , secretes hormones both ways , transports antibodies from mother to fetus (passive immunity)

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29
Q

What does the placenta transport
> mother to baby
> baby to mother
what does it produce

A

> mother to baby: Oxygen, nutrients, antibodies(passive immunity), hormones
baby to mother; CO2, nutrients waste, hormones

produces progesterone, estrogen and HCg

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30
Q

What is the extra embryonic structure Amnion and what does it do

A

Sac filled with amniotic fluid that surrounds and cushions embryo, regulates temperature

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31
Q

What is the extra embryonic structure Allantois what does it do and contain and become part of

A

Forms umbilical cord, connects fetus to placenta , contains 1 vein and 2 umbilical arteries
becomes part of urinary bladder

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32
Q

what is the extra embryonic structure yolk sac and produce , becomes part of

A

Yolk sac produces 1st blood cells, gamete cells and becomes part of digestive tract

33
Q

What is formed during the frist trimester
body grows ____
can determine____

A

weeks 1-12 first trimester responsible for neuralation : neural tube formed becomes CNS
- organs are formed, cartilage skeleton
body grows in length
can determine sex by end of trimester

34
Q

What is formed during the frist trimester
body grows ____
can determine____

A

weeks 1-12 first trimester responsible for neuralation : neural tube formed becomes CNS
- organs are formed, cartilage skeleton
body grows in length
can determine sex by end of trimester

35
Q

Second trimester is weeks ___
what is developed, detected, grows and can be detected

A

13-24
Bones begin to form
Heatt beat can be detected
Nervous sustem starts functioning
brain and limbs grow (movement)

36
Q

Third trimester is weeks ___
What grows rapidly?
What is descended?
What grows?
What matures last?

A

25-38
Brain grows rapidly, testes descend , fat layer grows and digestive/respiratory systems mature last

37
Q

until what week of development are the gonads identical in both females and male fetuses

A

7th week

38
Q

What is the SRY gene
> what happens if present

A

determining region of Y chromosome
> if present the developing gonads become testes and they synthesize hormones that direct the development of male characteristics

39
Q

what happens in the absence of the SRY gene

A

stays in default to develop into female

40
Q

the ova (egg) can have which gene and the sperm can have

A

egg only X gene
sperm can have either X or Y

41
Q

whats a teratogen?
examples:

A

substances that disrupt normal fetal development
: cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine

42
Q

when are teratogens most harmful

A

first 9 weeks, first trimester

43
Q

Whats the teratogen thalidomide help with and turned out to cause

A

sedative helped w morning sickness in pregnant women but banned as it caused deformed infants with flipper like arms n legs

44
Q

Whats the teratogen thalidomide help with and turned out to cause

A

sedative helped w morning sickness in pregnant women but banned as it caused deformed infants with flipper like arms n legs

45
Q

Whats FAS and what dose it cause

A

fetal alcohol syndrome causes frontal lobe not to develop

46
Q

What is progesterone and estrogen produced by first and after
> what does it cause in pregnancy

A

produced first by Corpus Luteum then placenta
> causes breast enlargement, morning sickness

47
Q

What is Relaxin in pregnancy
> what is it produced by and when
> what does it do
> what can it also cause
> what is it triggered by

A

> Hormone produced by placenta prior to labour
causes softening of cervix and ligaments within pelvis to provide a flexible passage for baby during delivery
increases urination, difficulty breathing, blood volume or pressure increase
triggered by baby dropping so its head is on cervix

48
Q

whats parturition
> what happens and triggers

A

Birth
> baby’s head pushes against cervix causing it to stretch> nerve impulses to hypothalamus > stimulates posterior pituitary (+ive feedback) > oxytocin> stimulates uterus to contract> pushes fetus down more> cervical strech

also uterine contractions > prostaglandins > +ive feedback > more uterine contractions

49
Q

stages of labour are in order

A

dilation> expulsion> placental

50
Q

Dilation is
> what happens
> how long can it take

A

first stage of labour
> amnion breaks (water breaks), cervix opens
> 2-20 hrs

51
Q

Dilation is
> what happens
> how long can it take

A

first stage of labour
> amnion breaks (water breaks), cervix opens
> 2-20 hrs

52
Q

Expulsion is
> what happens how long

A

second stage of labour, pushing phase
> baby moving through vagina .5-2 hrs

53
Q

Placental phase is
> what happens when, how long

A

3rd stage of labour
> placenta and umbilical cord expelled
-10-15 min after

54
Q

when during pregnancy is estrogen really high and when low

A

high before delivery
low at birth

55
Q

Whats lactation
> releases
> stimulates

A

Formation and secretion of breast milk
> anterior pituitary releases prolactin = milk production after baby is born

56
Q

whats the suckling reflex

A

positive feedback that stimulates posterior pituitary to contract muscles and force milk out to ducts

57
Q

what does prolactin do

A

initiates milk production and moves milk into ducts

58
Q

what does oxytocin do in breast n other

A

causes weak contractions to move milk down nipple and weak contractions in uterus to return it to its normal size n shape

59
Q

what is a vasectomy
>how effective is
> effect on sperm n sexual desire/ performance

A

Sterilization where a portion of the vas deferens is removed in males
> close to 100% effective
> no effect on sexual desire or performance, sperm has no way out n degenerates

60
Q

if a person has a vasectomy can they
> make sperm
> make semen
> have ejaculation

A

they make sperm but it doesn’t get released
can make semen but with no sperm
can have ejaculation

61
Q

What is tubal ligation
> prevents what
> do u still menstruate

A

Sterilization where fallopian tubes r cut in females to prevent ovum from passing to uterus and inhibits from reaching
> still menstruate

62
Q

What is a condom

A

latex or similar material covering penis to prevent deposition of sperm

63
Q

what is a diaphragm do

A

rubber dome shaped structure fits over cervix, stops sperm from passing through
reduces risk of STI/D

64
Q

What is the pill, how does it work, what does it cause n how effective
what kinda feedback

A

Oral contraceptive
high concentration of progesterone and low of estrogen to keep uterus calm = no ovulation = no pregnancy
negative feedback on pituitary to reduce production of FSH n LH on hypothalamus to inhibit GnRH
99% effective if taken everyday at same time

65
Q

whats a IUD
2types
how does it work
does it prevent ovulation

A

Small onject inserted into cavity of uterus to irritate endometrium lining n make it hard for embryo to implant

copper n hormone releasing
dosent prevent ovulation

66
Q

What is Nuvaring
> how does it work

A

Flexible ring inserted into vagina once a month for 3 weeks, take out for 7 days to experience flow then insert new ring
function same as pill containing progesterone n estrogen to prevent ovaries from producing mature eggs

67
Q

whats a IVF do

A

fertility enhancing technology FSH administered to trigger many eggs maturing a month , LH given to trigger ovulation and the egg is taken and fertilized w egg to form zygote then implanted back into uterus

68
Q

what two things does oxytocin help w

A

lactation and childbirth

69
Q

What is Hpv transmitted by, symptoms, effects on reproductive system

A

can be transmitted skin to skin, during sex, feom infected mother to fetus

if untreated can lead to cervical cancer or increase risk of tumours

regular PAP smears are recommended

70
Q

What is syphilis caused by , transmitted by and treatment

A

caused by bacteria spread tru sex and can be spread mother to fetus and cause birth defects or for baby to die

treated with antibiotics but cannot undo damages it does to body

71
Q

What is chlamydia caused by, transmitted, symptoms , effects on reproductive system and treatment

A

Caused by bacteria spread thru sex or from mother to baby only during vaginal birth

50-70% of people have no symptoms

Easily treated with antibiotics but if not can cause infertility in men and women

Can cause Pelvic inflammatory infection in women or acar fallopian tubes and uterus
affects ability for fertilization

In men can harm epididymis and cause complications in urethra

72
Q

what sexually transmitted infections can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in women

A

gonorrhoea and chlamydia

73
Q

what sexually transmitted infections can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in women

A

gonorrhoea and chlamydia

74
Q

what is gonorrhoea caused by symptoms and effects on reproductive system

A

bacteria transmitted thru sex n baby to fetus
discharge from penis or vagina , pain peeing but no symptoms in some people

can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in women and scar fallopian tubes and iterus leading to infertility

can cause painful condition in vas defrens in men leading to infertility

untread can spread thru bloodstream to brain n brain heart joints

75
Q

how does estrogen have a connection to the stimulation and release of prolactin

A

high estrogen at delivery= high amount of prolactin and at birth as estrogen levels drop it triggers prolactin to start which initiates milk production

76
Q

what hormone prmotes growth n development of ova

A

FSH

77
Q

During the first trimester of a pregnancy, an extraembryonic membrane secretes HCG. In a pregnancy resulting from in vitro fertilization of a postmenopausal woman, HCG would not function normally because the
A. woman’s pituitary would not respond
B. placenta would not produce FSH or LH
C. woman would not have a corpus luteum
D. placenta would not be permeable to hormone

A

c

78
Q

Without the negative feedback that results from increasing amounts of naturally circulating estrogen, the body responds by secreting more

A

fsh

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