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Bio 30 > Reproduction pt.3 human development > Flashcards

Reproduction pt.3 human development Flashcards

1
Q

What dose prenatal mean?
> how many trimesters and what are they?
> how many phases and what are they ?

A

Prenatal means before birth
> divided into 3 trimesters, 3 months each
> 3 phases, zygote, embryo and fetus

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2
Q

what is the first phase of prenatal
2nd
3rd

A

zygote, sperm + egg
embryo is second, weeks 1-8
fetus is 3rd , weeks 9-40

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3
Q

What is fertilization
> wgere dose it occur
> how is zygote formed
> how many chromosomes

A

> Fertilization occurs in fallopian tubes(oviduct)
oocyte(egg) is released and viable for 12-24 hrs and egg membrane changes so only 1 sperm can enter and form zygote
23 chromosomes egg + 23 sperm = 46 zygote

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4
Q

1st stage of embryonic development
> what begins
> what is formed
> how long dose it take to reach uterus

A

> Zygote begins clevage ( rapid cell division) by mitosis without enlargement
after it splits to 16to32 times it forms a morula in fallopian tube (oviduct)
3-4 days to reach uterus

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5
Q

whats cleavage and where does it occur and form what

A

zygote rapid cell division without enlargement that occurs in fallopian tubes(oviduct) to form a morula (16to32cells stage)

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6
Q

what is a morula

A

the zygote cell being divided into 16-32 cells in fallopian tubes(oviduct)

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7
Q

2nd stage of embryonic development
> what is formed from morula
> what is that made up of

A

> Blastocyst is formed
made up of two groups of cells: trophoblast and embryoblast

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8
Q

what is the trophoblast ?
what does it become?

A

> the outer layer of blastocyst
becomes the chorion (outer membrane) and amnion (inside of chorion , fluid filled)

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9
Q

What is the chorion?
What does it secrete?

A

> outer membrane of trophoblast
secretes enzymes that digest endometrium and allow implantation (10-14day) and hCG( human chorionic gonadotropin) that maintains CL
forms fetal part of placenta

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10
Q

what is HCG and what does it do

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone produced by chorion that maintains the CL when pregnant until placenta starts to produce progesterone then HCG levels drop and CL degenerates , placenta takes over

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11
Q

when is HCG high and how is that able to tell females they r pregnant

A

HCG high 1 n 2 month and activates preg tests which can tell females they r pregnant

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12
Q

when is HCG high and how is that able to tell females they r pregnant

A

HCG high 1 n 2 month and activates preg tests which can tell females they r pregnant

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13
Q

What is the inner cell grp of blastocyst called
> what does it do

A

Inner cell mass called embryoblast and it develops into embryo

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14
Q

what is the amnion

A

inside of chorion , fluid filled insulating embryo/fetus

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15
Q

what is implantation ?
how does it occur

A

once the blastocyst attaches to wall of endometrium
> the trophoblast secretes enzymes that digest tissue and blood vessels of endometrium it allows blastocyst to sick into uterine wall

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16
Q

what occurs after implantation happens?

A

the trophoblast begins to secrete hCG which maintains the CL so it continues secreting estrogen and progesterone which maintains endometrium and prevents menstruation

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17
Q

When do hCG levels decline

A

after second month when placenta is big enough to take over secreting estrogen and progesterone on its own

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18
Q

what is needed for pregnancy to continue in its early stages

A

menstruation to not occur by keeping high estrogen and progesterone levels

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19
Q

how are estrogen and progesterone levels kept high in pregnancy

A

released by CL and if that cannot be maintained the blastocyst releasea these hormones itself
then once placenta matures it releases

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20
Q

3rd stage of embryonic development is called
> what is it

A

Gastrulation
> start of morphogenesis: differentiation if cells into 3 layers , making layers folding

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21
Q

During gastrulation the 3 layers formed are :
what do they form

A

Ectoderm (outside)- forms all nervous tissue, skin , hair, nails, pituitary,adrenal medulla…

Mesoderm(middle)- muscle, bone, cartilage and reproductive system

Endoderm(inside)- organs and linnings of digestive and respiratory systems, endocrine glands

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22
Q

what is the ectoderm and what does it form

A

outer layer if gastrula
forms all nervous tissue , skin , hair , nails, lens, pituitary and adrenal medulla

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23
Q

What is the mesoderm and what does it form

A

Middle layer of gastrula
forms muscle cartilage bone blood and reproductive system

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24
Q

what is the endoderm
what does ir form

A

inner layer of gastrula
forms linings of digestive and respiratory systems, endocrine glands, organs

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25
what are extra embryonic structures
structures that support the developing embryo
26
where is fetal part of placenta formed
chorion
27
what are the extra embryonic structures
Chorion, placenta, Amnion, Allantois, yolk sac , amniotic fluid, chorionic villi , endometrium
28
What is the placenta > hows it formed when > roles
>Placenta is temporary organ made from chorion and endometrium formed by 10-12 week that allows exchange between mom and baby > transports nutrients mother to fetus, stores nutrients, transports wastes from fetal blood to mother blood, transports Oxygen from mother to baby and CO2 from baby to mother , secretes hormones both ways , transports antibodies from mother to fetus (passive immunity)
29
What does the placenta transport > mother to baby > baby to mother what does it produce
> mother to baby: Oxygen, nutrients, antibodies(passive immunity), hormones > baby to mother; CO2, nutrients waste, hormones produces progesterone, estrogen and HCg
30
What is the extra embryonic structure Amnion and what does it do
Sac filled with amniotic fluid that surrounds and cushions embryo, regulates temperature
31
What is the extra embryonic structure Allantois what does it do and contain and become part of
Forms umbilical cord, connects fetus to placenta , contains 1 vein and 2 umbilical arteries becomes part of urinary bladder
32
what is the extra embryonic structure yolk sac and produce , becomes part of
Yolk sac produces 1st blood cells, gamete cells and becomes part of digestive tract
33
What is formed during the frist trimester body grows ____ can determine____
weeks 1-12 first trimester responsible for neuralation : neural tube formed becomes CNS - organs are formed, cartilage skeleton body grows in length can determine sex by end of trimester
34
What is formed during the frist trimester body grows ____ can determine____
weeks 1-12 first trimester responsible for neuralation : neural tube formed becomes CNS - organs are formed, cartilage skeleton body grows in length can determine sex by end of trimester
35
Second trimester is weeks ___ what is developed, detected, grows and can be detected
13-24 Bones begin to form Heatt beat can be detected Nervous sustem starts functioning brain and limbs grow (movement)
36
Third trimester is weeks ___ What grows rapidly? What is descended? What grows? What matures last?
25-38 Brain grows rapidly, testes descend , fat layer grows and digestive/respiratory systems mature last
37
until what week of development are the gonads identical in both females and male fetuses
7th week
38
What is the SRY gene > what happens if present
determining region of Y chromosome > if present the developing gonads become testes and they synthesize hormones that direct the development of male characteristics
39
what happens in the absence of the SRY gene
stays in default to develop into female
40
the ova (egg) can have which gene and the sperm can have
egg only X gene sperm can have either X or Y
41
whats a teratogen? examples:
substances that disrupt normal fetal development : cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine
42
when are teratogens most harmful
first 9 weeks, first trimester
43
Whats the teratogen thalidomide help with and turned out to cause
sedative helped w morning sickness in pregnant women but banned as it caused deformed infants with flipper like arms n legs
44
Whats the teratogen thalidomide help with and turned out to cause
sedative helped w morning sickness in pregnant women but banned as it caused deformed infants with flipper like arms n legs
45
Whats FAS and what dose it cause
fetal alcohol syndrome causes frontal lobe not to develop
46
What is progesterone and estrogen produced by first and after > what does it cause in pregnancy
produced first by Corpus Luteum then placenta > causes breast enlargement, morning sickness
47
What is Relaxin in pregnancy > what is it produced by and when > what does it do > what can it also cause > what is it triggered by
>Hormone produced by placenta prior to labour > causes softening of cervix and ligaments within pelvis to provide a flexible passage for baby during delivery > increases urination, difficulty breathing, blood volume or pressure increase > triggered by baby dropping so its head is on cervix
48
whats parturition > what happens and triggers
Birth > baby’s head pushes against cervix causing it to stretch> nerve impulses to hypothalamus > stimulates posterior pituitary (+ive feedback) > oxytocin> stimulates uterus to contract> pushes fetus down more> cervical strech also uterine contractions > prostaglandins > +ive feedback > more uterine contractions
49
stages of labour are in order
dilation> expulsion> placental
50
Dilation is > what happens > how long can it take
first stage of labour > amnion breaks (water breaks), cervix opens > 2-20 hrs
51
Dilation is > what happens > how long can it take
first stage of labour > amnion breaks (water breaks), cervix opens > 2-20 hrs
52
Expulsion is > what happens how long
second stage of labour, pushing phase > baby moving through vagina .5-2 hrs
53
Placental phase is > what happens when, how long
3rd stage of labour > placenta and umbilical cord expelled -10-15 min after
54
when during pregnancy is estrogen really high and when low
high before delivery low at birth
55
Whats lactation > releases > stimulates
Formation and secretion of breast milk > anterior pituitary releases prolactin = milk production after baby is born
56
whats the suckling reflex
positive feedback that stimulates posterior pituitary to contract muscles and force milk out to ducts
57
what does prolactin do
initiates milk production and moves milk into ducts
58
what does oxytocin do in breast n other
causes weak contractions to move milk down nipple and weak contractions in uterus to return it to its normal size n shape
59
what is a vasectomy >how effective is > effect on sperm n sexual desire/ performance
Sterilization where a portion of the vas deferens is removed in males > close to 100% effective > no effect on sexual desire or performance, sperm has no way out n degenerates
60
if a person has a vasectomy can they > make sperm > make semen > have ejaculation
they make sperm but it doesn’t get released can make semen but with no sperm can have ejaculation
61
What is tubal ligation > prevents what > do u still menstruate
Sterilization where fallopian tubes r cut in females to prevent ovum from passing to uterus and inhibits from reaching > still menstruate
62
What is a condom
latex or similar material covering penis to prevent deposition of sperm
63
what is a diaphragm do
rubber dome shaped structure fits over cervix, stops sperm from passing through reduces risk of STI/D
64
What is the pill, how does it work, what does it cause n how effective what kinda feedback
Oral contraceptive high concentration of progesterone and low of estrogen to keep uterus calm = no ovulation = no pregnancy negative feedback on pituitary to reduce production of FSH n LH on hypothalamus to inhibit GnRH 99% effective if taken everyday at same time
65
whats a IUD 2types how does it work does it prevent ovulation
Small onject inserted into cavity of uterus to irritate endometrium lining n make it hard for embryo to implant copper n hormone releasing dosent prevent ovulation
66
What is Nuvaring > how does it work
Flexible ring inserted into vagina once a month for 3 weeks, take out for 7 days to experience flow then insert new ring function same as pill containing progesterone n estrogen to prevent ovaries from producing mature eggs
67
whats a IVF do
fertility enhancing technology FSH administered to trigger many eggs maturing a month , LH given to trigger ovulation and the egg is taken and fertilized w egg to form zygote then implanted back into uterus
68
what two things does oxytocin help w
lactation and childbirth
69
What is Hpv transmitted by, symptoms, effects on reproductive system
can be transmitted skin to skin, during sex, feom infected mother to fetus if untreated can lead to cervical cancer or increase risk of tumours regular PAP smears are recommended
70
What is syphilis caused by , transmitted by and treatment
caused by bacteria spread tru sex and can be spread mother to fetus and cause birth defects or for baby to die treated with antibiotics but cannot undo damages it does to body
71
What is chlamydia caused by, transmitted, symptoms , effects on reproductive system and treatment
Caused by bacteria spread thru sex or from mother to baby only during vaginal birth 50-70% of people have no symptoms Easily treated with antibiotics but if not can cause infertility in men and women Can cause Pelvic inflammatory infection in women or acar fallopian tubes and uterus affects ability for fertilization In men can harm epididymis and cause complications in urethra
72
what sexually transmitted infections can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in women
gonorrhoea and chlamydia
73
what sexually transmitted infections can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in women
gonorrhoea and chlamydia
74
what is gonorrhoea caused by symptoms and effects on reproductive system
bacteria transmitted thru sex n baby to fetus discharge from penis or vagina , pain peeing but no symptoms in some people can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in women and scar fallopian tubes and iterus leading to infertility can cause painful condition in vas defrens in men leading to infertility untread can spread thru bloodstream to brain n brain heart joints
75
how does estrogen have a connection to the stimulation and release of prolactin
high estrogen at delivery= high amount of prolactin and at birth as estrogen levels drop it triggers prolactin to start which initiates milk production
76
what hormone prmotes growth n development of ova
FSH
77
During the first trimester of a pregnancy, an extraembryonic membrane secretes HCG. In a pregnancy resulting from in vitro fertilization of a postmenopausal woman, HCG would not function normally because the A. woman's pituitary would not respond B. placenta would not produce FSH or LH C. woman would not have a corpus luteum D. placenta would not be permeable to hormone
c
78
Without the negative feedback that results from increasing amounts of naturally circulating estrogen, the body responds by secreting more
fsh

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