Reproductive unit pt.2 female

Question 1

What are ovaries ?
> location
> hormones produced
> contain and do what?

Answer 1

Ovaries are female gonads
> suspended by ligaments in abdominal cavity
> produce estrogen and progesterone
> contain follicles that have the egg/ovum, oocyte that are released once a month

Question 2

What is the ovum?
> size and what is it made of
> fertility for how long
> responsibility and description

Answer 2

Ovum , oocyte or ova is the egg
> much larger than sperm , largest cell in human body
> fertile for abt 24hrs after release
> non motile and responsible for first few days of development

Question 3

What are the oviducts?, other name forr it?
> Duty and how they look, location
> what are they for

Answer 3

Oviducts or fallopian tubes are also known as fallopian tubes
> recives egg from ovary,10cm long 3-8 says for egg to travel
> site of fertilization

Question 4

What are the fimbriae?
> role and how is it preformed

Answer 4

Fimbriae are finger like projections at the distal end of the fallopian tube
> at ovulation they are filled with blood and tgey sway to help create a current to draw the egg into Fallopian tubes with cillia and peristalsis ( move egg through fallopian tubes)

Question 5

where is the site of fertilization and of implantation

Answer 5

fertilization in oviducts ( fallopian tubes)
implantation in uterus endometrium layer

Question 6

The uterus is composed of 2 layers which are:

Answer 6

Myometrium and Endometrium

Question 7

The what is and the roles of these layers in uterus
> myometrium
> endometrium

Answer 7

> myometrium is muscle layer of uterus, supports baby and moves it into birth canal
endometrium is blood vessel lining of uterus that provides nourishment for embryo and is shed during period , site of implantation if pregnancy

Question 8

What happens to endometrium if pregnancy occurs and if it doesn’t

Answer 8

> pregnancy: zygote forms from sperm entering egg and the embryo implants in endometrium
no pregnancy: endometrium shed= menstruation

Question 9

whag is a zygote

Answer 9

fusion of male and female sex cells which causes fertilization which produces zygote

Question 10

whats a embryo

Answer 10

the zygote after it divides many times and continues to grow

Question 11

whats a tubal pregnancy

Answer 11

also known as ectopic pregnancy, occurs when implantation occurs in fallopian tube instead of uterus which leads to not enough nutrients present to support the embryo ir the embryo might grow in tubes and rupturing them causing maternal and fetal death

Question 12

What is the cervix?
> roles during pregnancy and labour

Answer 12

Cervix is neck of uterus, the opening between uterus and vagina
>. holds fetus in place during pregnancy, shuts opening to stop bacteria from entering and opens to 10cm during labour

Question 13

whats a pap test

Answer 13

sample of cervical cells, snip of cervix to check for cancer

Question 14

What is the vagina?
> functions and description

Answer 14

The vagina is a muscular tube 8-10 cm long where sexual intercourse and birthing happens
> acidic ph 3-5

Question 15

why isctge vaginas ph 3-5 acidic

Answer 15

to defend against bacteria

Question 16

External genitalia includes

Answer 16

the vulva: labia majora, labia minora and clitoris

Question 17

what is function of clitoris

Answer 17

erection during sexual arousal

Question 18

What is oogenesis
> role before birth
> during puberty

Answer 18

oogenesis is egg development
> before birth the oogonia(egg seed) is in ovaries with 46 chromosomes which devides to form primary oocyte(46) within follicle
> during puberty 300 000-400 000 waiting in each ovary and 1 follicle from 1 ovary alternatez to mature by meiosis to have 23 chromosomes in a egg

Question 19

how is the egg formed?

Answer 19

during oogenesis(egg development)
the oogonia(egg seed) with 46 chromosomes divides to form primary oocyte (46 chromosomes) + follicle in ovary = 1 egg 23 chromosomes by meiosis

Question 20

what is the FSH and its roles
> too much?

Answer 20

Follocle stimulating hormone that causes maturation of the follicle with the egg and stimulated follicle releases estrogen secretion from egg
> if too much estrogen , negative feedback to the pituitary and inhibits secretion of more FSH

Question 21

What is the LH and what dose it do

Answer 21

Luteinizing hormone that stimulates corpus lutenum to release progesterone and some estrogen

Question 22

females have which chromosomes and how dose puberty affect becoming a woman

Answer 22

before birth XX chromosomes ovaries descend to pelvic brim and during puberty (9-13) estrogen causes final gland of primary sex organs, secondary sex characteristics and follicle development ovum each month

Question 23

wgat are the female secondary sex characteristics and when are they developed

Answer 23

developed as result of hormonal stimulation
- enlarged breasts, hair growth, widen hips , fat deposits around butt and hips, more fat then men , smaller narrower feet and hands than males

Question 24

What is the menstrual cycle and its phases

Answer 24

4 phases that typically last 28 days
- menstrual phase, follicular phase, ovulatory phase, luteal phase

Question 25

What is the 2 real cycles of menstrual cycle

Answer 25

1. Ovulation ( egg release and 2. Uterine cycle ( endometrium thickening and shedding)

Question 26

when is each phase of menstruation and yow long dose it last

Answer 26

1. Flow phase 1-5 days
2. Follicular phase 6-13 days
3. Ovulatory phase day 14, lasts 24hrs
4. luteal phase 15-28 days

Question 27

What is the flow phase / period
> how long and when is it
> hormones and causes

Answer 27

Flow phase is monthy discharge of blood and fluid from uterus
> 1-5 days typically marks start if menstrual cycle
> all hormone levels low> endometrium sheds > bleeding 20-80 ml for 2-8 days
> low hormone levels responsible for cramps (low progesterone = uterine contractions) , headaches, bloating, nausea

Question 28

wgat causes cramps during flow phase

Answer 28

low progesterone levels cause uterine contractions which are cramps

Question 29

What is the follicular phase, causes what step by step and overall

Answer 29

Day 6-13
- Increase in FSH stimulates follicle to grow
> growing follicle releases estrogen as it matures
> when estrogen lvls high signals anterior pituitary by negative feedback to turn of FSH secretion
> FSH decreases
> increased estrogen also stimulates LH release from pituitary ONLY POSITIVE FEEDBACK
overall the hormonal increases cause endometrium to thicken

Question 30

When is the flow phase n how long
what is happening simple

Answer 30

day 1-5
monthly shedding of blood and fluid from uterus
all hormones low causing cramps bloating etc

Question 31

What is the follicular phase simple
> when dose it occur
> what happens

Answer 31

day 6-13
hormones increase to cause endometrial lining to thicken and prep for ovulation
increase FSH> stimulates follicle> estrogen release> increase estrogen > decrease FSH by negative feedback and increase LH by positive feedback

Question 32

Ovulation phase
> when dose it occur
> what happens

Answer 32

> happens on day 14ish only 12-24 hrs to be fertilized
increased estrogen causes increase LH > LH surge > ovulation > releases egg from ovary > fallopian tubes for fertilization > uterus for implantation

Question 33

Luteal phase
> when dose it occur
> what happens if pregnancy and if not

Answer 33

> day 15-28 after egg is released from follicle its empty and becomes corpus luteum
LH from surge stimulates CL> estrogen and progesterone > stop further ovulation and thicken endometrium > turn off FH and LSH if pregnant
if not fertilized CL degenarates > decreases P&E levels > low hormones> menstruation

Question 34

what happens in luteal phase if not fertilized

Answer 34

Corpus luteum degenerates bringing progesterone and estrogen levels down = no thickening of endometrium > all hormones low > menstruation

Question 35

what hormone do birth control pills aim for

Answer 35

progesterone as it progibits further ovulation and prevents uterine contractions

Question 36

what hormones are ovarian

Answer 36

estrogen and progesterone

Question 37

what are gonadotropic hormones

Answer 37

FSH and LH

Question 38

what time dose a follocle produce estrogen

Answer 38

follicular phase

Question 39

when dose the corpus luteum produce estrogen and progesterone both at same time

Answer 39

between luteal phase when CL forms to thicken endometrium if fertillization and implantation occurs

Question 40

whats progesterone roles
>4 roles in ovary endometrium cervix uterus
> feedback
> glands

Answer 40

> prevents further ovulation
prevents uterine contractions
promotes thickening and maintenance of endometrium
firms cervix to prevent expulsion of fetus
progesterone and estrogen neg feedback turn off FSH LH
endometrium glands begin receiving nutrients to prepare for embryo

Question 41

what happens if fertilization occurs

Answer 41

> embryo produces HCG causing CL to continue producing progesterone past 10 days until placenta is big enough and ready to take over
HCG hormone is present in urine for pregnancy tests

Question 42

What happens if no fertilization occurs

Answer 42

CL degenarates> low levels of Progesterone and estrogen > low FSH and LH > uterine contractions> endometrium sheds> flow phase begins again

Question 43

Whats menopause
what can result
treatments?
>treatment riska

Answer 43

around 50yr old when no more follicles develop (run out)> progesterone and estrogen levels low
> results in hot flashes, risk of heart disease, breast and uterine cancers risks increase, decreased bone mass
> hormone replacement therapy can relive symptoms
> risks include blood clots heart disease, breast and colorectal cancer risks