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Biology Yr 11-12 > Topic 1-Cells > Flashcards

Topic 1-Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls movement into and out of cell

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Liquid jelly where chemical reactions take place

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls cell activity and contains DNA

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4
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

Genetic material - DNA/instructions

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Releases energy through respiration - breaking down fats and carbohydrates

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7
Q

Cellulose Cell Wall

A

Made of cellulose, gives cell support

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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Contains green chlorophyll

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9
Q

What do Plant and Animal cells have in common

A

They both have a Cell Membrane and a Nucleus

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10
Q

What are differences between Plant and Animal cells

A

Plant Cells: Chloroplasts Cellulose Cell Wall

Animal Cells: No chloroplasts No Vacuole

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11
Q

Are Plant and Animal cells alive

A

Yes, because they both respire by mitochondria

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12
Q

Circular Chromosome

A

DNA that controls cell activity. Circular and free in cytoplasm

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13
Q

Plasmids

A

Tiny circular sections of extra DNA (can be exchanged between cells)

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14
Q

Cell Wall

A

Maintains cell shape and structure. Cell wall is made of murein ( or peptidoglycan )

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15
Q

Flagellum

A

Whip like structure used to move/swim

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16
Q

Similarities between Plant/Animal cells and Bacterial Cells

A

Cell Membrane Cytoplasm

17
Q

Name parts of a cell specific to Plant and Animal cells

A

Nucleus Mitochondira

18
Q

Name parts of a cell specific to Bacterial cells

A

Plasmids Flagella

19
Q

Name a: Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

A

Palisade Cell, Palisade Tissue, Leaf, Photosynthesis, Leaf

20
Q

What is diffusion

A

It is the movement of gas or dissolved molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

21
Q

What effects the rate of diffusion

A

Temperature: higher temperature means more kinetic energy
Concentration gradient: the steeper the concentration gradient the faster the reaction occurs
Surface area: larger surface area means diffusion will happen more quickly

22
Q

What can Embryonic Stem cells do

A

Undifferentiated- able to develop into almost all cell types

Described as pluripotent stem cells

23
Q

What can adult stem cells do

A

Undifferentiated-able to give rise to a limited range of cells within tissue type
E.g blood stem cells give rise to red and white cells and platelets
Described as multipotent

24
Q

Where are adult stem cells found

A

Bone marrow

25
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found

A

Embryos (from IVF) or embryonic chord blood

26
Q

Where are plant stem cells found

A

Meristems

27
Q

What can stem cells be used to treat

A

Leukaemia

28
Q

What is the purpose of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in the first stage of treatment for Leukaemia

A

Kill/destroy diseased cells

29
Q

What is the problem with Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in the treatment of Leukaemia

A

No immune system, the person is at risk of infection

30
Q

What is the purpose of a bone marrow transplant in the second stage of treatment for Leukaemia

A

To replace the white blood cells with healthy stem cells

31
Q

What is the problem with a bone marrow transplant in the treatment of Leukaemia

A

Could divide uncontrollably causing a tumour or could produce wrong cells

32
Q

What other diseases can stem cells have the potential to treat

A

Parkinson’s disease and paralysis

33
Q

What is Therapeutic cloning

A

Creating cloned adult stem cells to transplant back into patient

34
Q

What are the advantages of Therapeutic cloning

A

There is no risk of rejection as they are your own cells

35
Q

What are the disadvantages of using Therapeutic cloning

A

It requires the use of embryos which has ethical issues

Biology Yr 11-12 (12 decks)

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