Topic 1, biological molectles Flashcards
colloids/ colloidal suspension
Molecules with strong intra molecular forces e.g proteins, but charged areas on surface. Attracts layer of water on surface so molecules remain dispersed.
importance of colloids/ colloidal suspension?
water molecules are weakly bonded to the molecule’s surface and cant leave its surface, helpful for the osmotic effect it creates
after how many 1-4 bonded molecules is there a branch (1-6) in amylopectin
25
Why is cellulose an excellent structural polysaccharide
The H bonds in the microfibrils make it resistant to water and enzyme hydrolysis
why is chitin stronger than cellulose
It is made of glucosamine. the presence of amino acids increases the H bonds
monounsaturated fatty acid
only one double carbon bond
polyunsaturated fatty acid
more than one carbon double bonds
trans fat?
H are bonded either side of the acid around the double carbon bond
sis fat?
H bonded to one side of the fatty acid around the carbon double bond
where are saturated fats and unsaturated found?
Saturated=animal fats, unsaturated=plant fats
LDL
Low Density Lipoprotein: transporting molecules, produced in the liver, increase incidence of atheromas in arteries, cause blockages, no O or C6H12O6 to heart
HDL
High Density Lipoproteins, remove cholesterol deposits “good”
Micelle?
Phospholipids form a droplet sphere with tails inwards and heard outwards when mixed with water
phospholipid bilayer
ring made of 2 layers of fatty acids trapping a compartment of water in the centre. Structure= liposome
Triose example
Glyceralderhyde
pentose example
ribose/ deoxyribose
Amino FG
Water soluble, acts as a weak base (accepts H+)
Carboxyl FG?
Water soluble, lightly polar, acts as an acid
Phosphate FG
water soluble, acidic
disease caused by atheromas
atherosclerosis
amphipathic?
a molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
How many essential amino acids
8- they cannot be made by the body
Alpha bonds?
Points in the opposite direction of the oxygen linkage(down) Formed when the first saccharide is alpha
beta bonds?
Points in the same direction as the oxygen linkage (up) Formed when the first saccharide is beta
liquid triglycerides?
Unsaturated: kinks in tail at carbon to carbon double bond, cant pack closely, weaker forces of attraction
Shorter tail: weaker forces of attraction, less energy to break
solid triglycerides?
Saturated: straight tails, pack closely, stronger forces of attraction
Longer tails: stronger forces of attraction
most fluid cell membranes?
only unsaturated fats
least fluid cell membranes?
only saturated fats
use of Mg2+ in plants and animals?
Component of chlorophyll, used for photosynthesis
Component in bones in animals
Uses of iron ions in animals?
Component of haemoglobin, transports oxygen in red blood cells
Lack of iron leads to anaemia
Uses of PO4^3- in animals and plants?
Making nucleotides, component of phospholipids found in plasma membrane
Uses of calcium in plants and animals?
Is a component of cell wall in plants, providing strength
Is a structural component of bones and teeth in animals
cohesion?
The attraction of water molecules for each other because of the polar structure, producing H bonds between molecules
waters max density?
4 degree Celsius
Where?:
Maltose, sucrose, lactose
In germinating seeds, transported through the phloem of flowering plants, in mammals’ milk
Reducing sugars?
Sugars that can donate an electron: monosaccharides+ maltose
Cellulose in relation to the cell wall?
Cellulose microfibrils are held in bundles called fibres, fibres run parallel within a layer but at an angle to adjacent layers in the cell wall. = strong and permeable
what is chitin made of
heteropolysaccharides
waxes?
lipids and melt over 45°c, have a waterproofing role e.g waxy cuticle and insect exoskeleton
zwitterion?
amino acid at pH 7 since it has both a pos and neg charge
Condensation reaction?
Joining two molecules creating a chemical bond and removing a water molecule
Hydrolysis reaction?
Breaks a chemical bond between two molecules involving chemical addition of water
Key properties of water
Metabolite, universal solvent, high SHC, hight LHV, strong cohesion
