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My bio: Core principles > Protein synthesis: transcription and translation > Flashcards

Protein synthesis: transcription and translation Flashcards

1
Q

Three forms of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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2
Q

function of messenger RNA

A

transcribed instructions in DNA and carries these to ribosome, a complementary copy of gene

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3
Q

function of ribosomal RNA

A

Composes the ribosome

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4
Q

function of transfer RNA

A

Carries amino acids to the ribosome

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5
Q

what nitrogenous base replaces thymine on RNA

A

Uracil

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6
Q

what is mRNA

A

single stranded molecule which is a complementary copy of a gene formed into a helix

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7
Q

three nucleotides are called..

A

a codon

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8
Q

how many amino acids does one codon code for

A

1

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9
Q

what is a gene

A

length of DNA that codes for the specific sequence of amino acids in a single polypeptide

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10
Q

describe the process of transcription

A

The 2 strands in the DNA are separated
Free complementary RNA nucleotides form mRNA
mRNA separateS from the template DNA strand

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11
Q

What enzyme breaks H bonds between strands to separate them

A

DNA helicase

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12
Q

which enzyme binds to the template DNA strand to then build the mRNA

A

RNA polymerase

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13
Q

in what directions long the strand does RNA polymerase build a new mRNA strand

A

5’ to 3’

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14
Q

structure of rRNA

A

Long, large complex molecule made up of double and single helicies

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15
Q

structure of tRNA

A

small single stranded molecule which forms a clover leaf shape. One end contains bases CCA: where amino acid attaches
Other end has a series of 3 bases called the anticodon

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16
Q

Through which molecules does DNA exert control ove the cell

A

General proteins, since they make up structures
Enzymes, since they control the reactions that take place
Overall these determine they type of cell and its function

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17
Q

genetic code?

A

sequence of bases in DNA and mRNA that determine the amino acid sequence in an organisms proteins

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18
Q

Aree codons the same in all living organisms?

A

Yes they are universal

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19
Q

What is the word to describe how all amino acids (except methionine) have more than one codon

A

a degenerate/ redundant code

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20
Q

to which subunit of the ribosome does the MRNA attach

A

small

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21
Q

what does the anticodon on the tRNA molecule determine

A

Which amino acid it carries, each tRNA carries a specific one

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22
Q

Start codon and example?

A

Where the ribosome will start to read the mRNA: AUG

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23
Q

How many sites for tRNA attachment does the large subunit of ribosomes have

A

2

24
Q

where is tRNA found

A

in the cell cytoplasm

25
Q

what is the anticodon on tRNA complementary to

A

the codon of mRNA

26
Q

by what process are amino acids attached to the tRNA

A

Amino acid activation

27
Q

Describe amino acid activation

A

ATP attaches to an amino acid which then binds to the tRNA

28
Q

What bond attach the codon bases to the complementary anticodon bases

A

hydrogen bonds

29
Q

Initiation?

A

Ribosome attaches to start codon on mRNA

30
Q

what is the name for a tRNA molecule with an amino acid and ATP molecule bound

A

Activated tRNA

31
Q

What occurs between 2 adjacent amino acids attached to their respective tRNA on the mRNA

A

A ribosomal enzyme catalyses the formation of a peptide bond between them

32
Q

what is the max number of tRNA molecules that can fit in the large subunit of ribisomes

A

2

33
Q

what happens when a peptide bond has formed between 2 amino acids and the ribosome moves onto the following codon

A

the H bonds break between the codon and anticodon of the tRNA carrying the already bonded amino acid allowing the tRNA molecule to return to the cytoplasm

34
Q

Elongation?

A

continual attachment of complementary anticodons of activated tRNA molecules to the codons of mRNA in the ribosome, depositing amino acids to build a polypetude chain

35
Q

Termination?

A

When the termination codon is reached by the ribosome. The polypeptide is complete

36
Q

Three stage soft transcription?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

37
Q

post translational modification?

A

modification at the golgi body involving addition of lipids, carbs, phosphates, prosthetic groups, joining of multiple polypeptide chains (4° structure), folding of chain

38
Q

what are the 2 sites on the large subunit

A

peptide (P) and amino acid (A) sites

39
Q

Where is the energy required for formation of the next peptide bond from

A

Hydrolysis of the bond between the previous tRNA and its amino acid

40
Q

To which site does the first activated tRNA with the complementary anticodon attach on the large subunit of the ribosome

A

the P site

41
Q

polysome system?

A

several ribosomes on a single mRNA transcribing at the same time

42
Q

what is the advantage of a polysine system

A

Produces several molecules of a polypeptide at the same time

43
Q

what sequence of amino acids is the amino acid attachment site on the tRNA

A

CCA

44
Q

Anticodon?

A

Group of 3 bases complementary to codon on mRNA correlated with the specific amino acid carried by that tRNA

45
Q

Characteristics of genetic code

A

Triplet code
Degenerate code
3 stop codon that dont code for amino acids
Codons are universal
Triplets are non overlapping

46
Q

transcription?

A

A segment of DNA acts as a template to direct the synthesis of a complementary sequence of RNA with the enzyme RNA polymerase

47
Q

Translation?

A

The sequence of codons on the mRNA is used to assemble a specific sequence of amino acids into a polypeptide chain at the ribosome

48
Q

name for the free RNA nucleotides that form the mRNA

A

ribonucleotides

49
Q

How should the separation of the DNA strands by DNA helicase be described

A

DNA strands separate and unwind, H bonds between bases have been broken

50
Q

what happens to the previously unwound DNA behind the moving RNA polymerase enzyme

A

it reminds into its helix

51
Q

How many strands of the DNA are involved in coding for a single protein

A

One of the polynucleotide strands of the DNA

52
Q

Name for the strand of the DNA used as the RNA template

A

Antisense strand

53
Q

During translation which moves: the ribosome or the mRNA

A

the ribosome move along the mRNA

54
Q

where do tRNA molecules collect amino acids from

A

Amino acid pool, in the cytoplasm

55
Q

examples of post translational modification

A

Adding carbs: gylcoproteins
Adding lipids: lipoproteins
Adding phosphates: phospho-proteins
Creating 4° structure
Adding prosthetic groups

My bio: Core principles (14 decks)

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