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My bio: Core principles > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleus?

A

Contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis
Components: Nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleoplasm, chromatin, inner and outer membrane

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2
Q

nuclear envelope?

A

separates DNA from cytoplasm, double membrane

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3
Q

Nuclear pore?

A

Allows for the transport of mRNA out of the nucleus

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4
Q

Nucleolus?

A

Site of the synthesis of rRNA and ribosomes (can be more that 1)

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5
Q

Ribosomes?

A

2 subjnits made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA): small subunit + large subunit. Made of protein and rRNA. Can be free or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

nuclearplasm?

A

granular, jelly-like material

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7
Q

chromosomes?

A

protein bound, linear DNA

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8
Q

Rough and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Both have folded membranes called cisternae
RER- the ribosomes on the cisternae make it rough, protein synthesis here
SER- no ribosomes, synthesis and store lipids and carbohydrates

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9
Q

golgi apparatus?

A

Cisternae: secretiry vesicles or lysosomes pinch off of cisternae carrying finished product
Molecules can be ‘labelled’ as to their destination (using receptors)

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10
Q

Functions of golgi apparatus?

A

Add carbohydrates to proteins: glycoprotein, transport, store and chemically modify lipids/ proteins, produce secretory enzymes, secrete carbohydrates, form lysosomes , packaging of newly produced proteins in Golgi vesicles

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11
Q

lysosome?

A

Sack of digestive enzymes

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12
Q

Function of lysosome?

A

Digest worn out organelles for reuse of materials, completely break down dead cells (phagocytes or body cells (autolysis)), release enzymes to outside of the cell to destroy material (exocytosis)

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13
Q

Mitochondria structure?

A

Double membrane: outer + folded inner which is called cristae separated by inter membrane space, inner solution=mitochondrial matrix, small circular DNA, 70S ribosomes

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14
Q

mitochondria function?

A

site of aerobic respiration, site of ATP production, the DNA loops code for enzymes required for respiration

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15
Q

80s/70s ribosomes?

A

80s = large ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells
70s= smaller ribosome found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts

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16
Q

vacuole?

A

Fluid filled, surrounded by a single membrane called tonoplast
Makes cell turgid to provide support, temporary store of sugars and amino acids, can contain pigments to attract pollinators

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17
Q

thylakoids?

A

Folded membranes embedded with pigment in chloroplasts (chlorophyll), stacked× 2-100 = granum, between them= lamella

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18
Q

chloroplasts components?

A

Double membrane, thylakoid/ geranium, lamella, stroma, 70s ribosomes, starch granules, small DNA circles

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19
Q

chloroplasts stroma

A

Stroma= fluid, contains enzymes for reactions which are light independent

20
Q

Why cristae?

A

Increase SA on which part of respiration process occurs

21
Q

size and shape of mitochondria

A

cylinder shaped, 1-10 um in diameter: being a cylinder reduces diffusion distance between edge and centre, increases efficiency of aerobic respiration

22
Q

vesicles as vacuoles (animal cells)

A

Contractile vacuole: small, membrane contained organelle. Maintains osmotic pressure

23
Q

cell wall?

A

made of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi

24
Q

plasma membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer+ molecules embedded within or attached to outside e.g carbohydrates, proteins, cholesterol

25
Q

centrioles?

A

Two hollow cylinders perpendicular to each other, used in spindle formation in cell division (They release long, stiff fibres called micro tubules that split the cell appart during cell division). Not in plant cells.

26
Q

chloroplasts structure?

A

2-10 um diameter, 1um thick

27
Q

plant cell wall?

A

cellulose microfibrils in the polysaccharide matrix pectin, prevents osmotic lysis (cell bursting), strength and support, freely permeable to water

28
Q

Plasmodesmata ?

A

narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells.

29
Q

function of plasmodesmata

A

exchange large organic materials via cytoplasmic streaming, allow communication between adjacent cells

30
Q

function of RER?

A

synthesis and transportation of proteins. The RER is continuous with the nuclear membrane.

31
Q

function of SER?

A

Synthesis and storage of lipids and carbohydrates

32
Q

what are all the membranes made of?

A

Phospholipids which are very dynamic: this is what allows membranes to be pinched off but also to merge with other membranes to release products

33
Q

what does 1 gene code for?

A

Order of amino acids in 1 poly peptide

34
Q

where does mRNA bind after leaving nucleus through nuclear pore?

A

To ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum

35
Q

what happens to polypeptide chain after being synthesised at RER?

A

Moves through cisternae of RER, away from nucleus, towards cell membrane

36
Q

what is mRNA

A

copy of a segment of DNA

37
Q

various sites/ stages of protein synthesis (simple)

A

mRNA in nucleus, mRNA on ribosomes on RER, polypeptide through RER, protein in transport vesicles, enter golgi body, become lysosomes or secretery vesicles, excretion of protein through exocytosis

38
Q

Exocytosis?

A

mass transport of molecules out of the cell, process requires ATP, synthesised by mitochondria during aerobic respiration

39
Q

how do lysosomes break down worn out organelles?

A

Membrane of lysosome murges with that of organelle, releasing digestive enzymes into organelle. Hydrolyses organelle

40
Q

Autolysis?

A

Break down of dead cells: several lysosomes burst within a cell releasing digestive enzymes which hydrolise the cell

41
Q

How do lysosomes partake in phagocytosis

A

Pathogens are engulfed by white blood cells and become trapped in a vacuole within the cell. Membrane of lysosome merges with that of vacuole, emptying digestive enzymes into vacuole to digest pathogen

42
Q

describe the interrelationship between the nucleus, RER, golgi body and plasma membrane

A

synthesizing proteins

43
Q

plasma membrane

A

controls entry and exit of molecules in and out of the cell. It is selectively permeable

44
Q

Chromatin?

A

In nucleus, coils of DNA bound to protein. During cell division, condenses into chromosomes

45
Q

Benefit of the structure of granum?

A

Large SA, efficient for trapping light energy

46
Q

specific benefits of cells having organelles/ membranes?

A

Isolates harmful substances like digestive enzymes, concentrates enzymes in a smaller space for higher RoR, allows multiple reactions to occur simultaneously without interference (compartemenatlisation), allows the functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts, increases SA for enzyme attachment

My bio: Core principles (12 decks)

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