Prokaryotes and viruses

Question 1

5 kingdoms of living things?

Answer 1

Prokaryotes, animals, plants, fungi and protoctista

Question 2

main differences between prokaryotic andd eukaryotic cells?

Answer 2

Prokaryotic have no membranes: so no nucleus, ERs, mitochondria, golgi etc

Question 3

only living prokaryotes?

Answer 3

Bacteria

Question 4

structures of ALL bacteria?

Answer 4

Cell membrane, cell wall, bacterial chromosome (DNA), 70s ribosomes and cytoplasm

Question 5

Prokaryotic cell wall made of?

Answer 5

peptodoglycan (polysaccharides+ amino acids)

Question 6

What is the structure of the bacterial DNA?

Answer 6

Circular- a loop- containing all of the necessary genes for a bacteria to be a bacterial cell. In an area called the nucleoid

Question 7

Plasmids (O= optional/ only some have it)

Answer 7

Additional loop of DNA (not all have) containing only extra genes such as antibiotic resistance

Question 8

Flagellum (O)

Answer 8

Rotating or waving ‘tail’ that makes bacterial cells motile (can move on their own)

Question 9

Pilli/ pilus (O)

Answer 9

Hair like protein extensions. Attachment and exchange of genetic material from one bacterium to another (part of bacterial sexual reproduction)

Question 10

(slime) Capsule (O)

Answer 10

Mucilaginous layer of slime, gives additional protection from drying out

Question 11

cytoplasm contains?

Answer 11

enzymes and other soluble materials. jelly-like

Question 12

why can the cell membrane be seen (and drawn) in bacterial cells?

Answer 12

The cells are not always turgid so the membrane is not pressed against cell wall

Question 13

mesosome (O)

Answer 13

Infolding of cell membrane. Increase surface area for attachment of enzymes. Site of respiration

Question 14

Chromatophore (O)

Answer 14

Infolding of cell membrane which has photosynthetic pigments attached: site of photosynthesis

Question 15

Endosymbysis?

Answer 15

when an organism lives within the body or cells of another organism, usually in mutualistic relationship

Question 16

Endosymbiotic theory? x2 points

Answer 16

Believed that prokaryotic cells entered eukaryotic cells and began a mutualistic relationship with them. Believed that some of these invading prokaryotic cells evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts or present day eukaryotic cells

Question 17

what allowed for entrance of prokaryotic cells into ancient prokaryotes?

Answer 17

Infolding of the plasma membrane

Question 18

Examples of invading prokaryotes in endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 18

Cyanobacterium (containing chlorophlasts) and aerobic bacterium (respires aerobically) evolved into chloroplasts and mitochondria respectively

Question 19

Evidence of endostymbiotic theory?

Answer 19

Mitochondria, chloroplasts and prokaryotic cells:
Are all the same size
Divide into two by binary fission
Have their own DNA which is circular (not linear)
Have their own ribosomes which are 70s

Question 20

Are viruses living?

Answer 20

No because they have no cytoplasm and only one characteristic of life: that they reproduce

Question 21

Characteristics of viruses?

Answer 21

Very small in size
Live in host cells
Use host cells to reproduce
Obligate parasites
Contain DNA or RNA
There is a wide variety

Question 22

What are obligate parasites?

Answer 22

Organisms that cannot complete their life cycle without exploiting a suitable host

Question 23

Structure of simplest possible virus?

Answer 23

Consist of a small piece of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called the caspid

Question 24

Stricture of more complex virus?

Answer 24

Consists of DNA or RNA, can have 2 protein coats, outer lipoprotein envelope with protein molecules embedded, enzyme reverse transcriptase

Question 25

Length of eye piece graticule?

Answer 25

100 eye piece units (EPU)

Question 26

What does it mean to calibrate a microscope

Answer 26

calculating the exact size of one EPU in micrometers (this need to be done for each of the 3 objective lenses on a microscope)

Question 27

What is a stage micrometer?

Answer 27

A 1mm line in the middle of a glass slide that has 100 divisions, like a ruler. Each small division is 0.01mm or 10 mocrometers. It should be placed on the stage

Question 28

Eye piece graticule?

Answer 28

Small ruler seen in the eye piece of microscope

Question 29

Are viruses made of cells?

Answer 29

No, acellular

Question 30

How do viruses exist outside a living cell?

Answer 30

As inert viron

Question 31

Name of viruses that attack bacteria?

Answer 31

Bacteriophages